Psychoacoustics: Sound Perception

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Presentation transcript:

Psychoacoustics: Sound Perception Physics of Music, Spring 2018

Key Terms Place theory of hearing Critical band Sharpening Just Noticeable Difference (JND) Ohm’s Law of Hearing Attack and decay transients Pitch tracking Missing fundamental Binaural Effects

How do we “hear”?

Anatomy and Physiology: Form and Function Video produced by Brandon Pletsch, Univ. of Georgia Medical School URL: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N90j2h3M0ic

Auditory system: Amazing facts ~10 octave range (20 – 20,000 Hz) Ear senses changes 1 part of 10,000,000,000 of atmospheric pressure

Auditory Cortex Saenz Auditory Neuorscience Group: http://www3.unil.ch/wpmu/neuroaudio/resaerch/auditory-cortex/ Reference: http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0017832 URL: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N90j2h3M0ic

Place Theory Different frequencies excite specific regions (bands) in the cochlea Critical band Images from: http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/sound/place.html

Basilar membrane mechanical properties

sharpening Outer Hair Cell Elongating/Vibrating https://physics.stackexchange.com/questions/174082/physics-of-how-the-cochlea-isolates-frequencies-along-its-length

Neural code of sound intensity

JND Change in value of a variable (frequency, intensity) between two tones such that the difference just noticeable. For instance: Can you tell the difference between: 440.0 vs 440.1 Hz? 440 vs 441 Hz? 440 vs 444? DEMO 17 on Auditory Demonstrations CD

Decibel scale Perceived sound intensity Pressure variation amplitude Threshold pressure for hearing: Image credit: Dreamstime.com

Equal Loudness Curve

Subjective Loudness Sensitivity depends on frequency JE’s Equal loudness Curve

Ohm’s Law of Hearing “Sound quality of a complex tone depends only on the amplitude of harmonics, not their phase” Image and sound file source: http://frank.mtsu.edu/~wroberts/ohms.htm

Attack Transients “Once one knows the proportions of the different frequency components, one knows the timbre” “Turning on” phase is very important for sound perception Also, see Demo 29 on Auditory Demonstrations CD http://www.animations.physics.unsw.edu.au/jw/timbre-envelope.htm

Missing fundamental You play these…. Brain fills in this… Demos 20 and 21 on Auditory Acoustics CD

Forwards and Backwards

Masking Alien enjoying cocktail party?! Echoes cancelled…. How do we pick out one voice amongst all the other masking sounds? Masking: existence of one tone interfering with perception of another tone.

Binaural Effects Brain processes Relative timing of sound waves at Left and Right ears http://www.newmindcentre.com/2014/06/the-benefits-of-getting-more-alpha-waves.html

Rhythmic variation http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0026457#pone-0026457-g001

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