What are the key issues and events that led to the Civil War? Slavery States’ Rights Nullification Missouri Compromise Compromise of 1850 Georgia Platform Kansas-Nebraska Act Dred Scott Case Election of 1860 Debate over the Secession in Georgia Role of Alexander Stephens

United States during the Civil War Era

What do you notice? Who had more railroads? What cities were GA’s major railroad centers? Which states had the most slaves? Which had the least? In which states were all of the black population freemen or women?

What do you notice? What crops were being produced on these lands? Which states had the most industry? What does that tell us about these states? Are there a lot of differences between the North and South? How might these differences divide the nation?

SOUTH Agriculture Fertile Soil Warmer Climate Plantations Farms Rural Self Sufficient Expect Little Government Help

NORTH Industry Rocky Soil Colder Climate Factories Cities Urban Interdependent Expect More Government Help

A Divided Nation: Antebellum North & South Ante- (Means BEFORE) Bellum-(Means WAR)

Population Who had the advantage? Why? ________________________________________________________________________________ North=22,300,000 South=9,100,000* (5,100,000 non-slave and 4,000,000 slaves)

Industry How might this information be an advantage to the North or to the South?

Slavery Large majority of slaves located in South North: Free States. Abolitionists (wanted to end slavery) South: Slave states. Needed slavery to run large plantations.

States’ Rights North: Believed in a strong NATIONAL government (States had to obey national laws) South: Believed states had right to rule for themselves (States were above the national government)

Economy Very Different!!! North: Based on factories, banks, stores, and railroads South: Based on agriculture (farming), Cotton, tobacco, rice

Tariffs Tariffs: Taxes placed on imported goods North: Favored high tariffs so Northern goods would cost less than foreign good. (More people buy things from the North) South: Wanted low tariffs because they bought goods from other countries

Culture North: Large cities. Cultural opportunities: opera, theatre, classes. South: Few large cities. Limited cultural opportunities.

Education North: Many private schools. Accepted boys and girls. Private Universities of Brown, Harvard, Yale. South: No formal system. Upper class went to school abroad or had tutors. Untrained teachers.

Nullification Idea that a state could declare a national law null and void. South: agreed with nullification because it gave more power to each state North: against nullification because it divided the nation, and gave too much power to states

Sectionalism Division created by belief that your part of the country is better than the rest. North: Believed that they were best section of country because they were against slavery, were industrialized and urbanized. South: Believed they were best section of country because their stand on issues such as slavery and tariffs were just and fair. Thought their culture and traditions were to be treasured. Prided themselves in the rights of their states.

Dred Scott With the help of an abolitionist group Dred Scott, a slave, sued for freedom (1847), claiming that because he had lived in a free state, he should be free

Dred Scott In 1857 the Supreme Court ruled against Scott *Scott was eventually freed in May 1857, but died nine months later* In 1857 the Supreme Court ruled against Scott Because slaves were not citizens of the U.S., Scott could not sue in Federal Court: ended popular sovereignty and protected slavery under the Constitution

The Missouri Compromise In 1819 the U.S. consisted of 11 free and 11 slave states Missouri applied for statehood as a slave state in 1819 To off set the imbalance, Maine applied for statehood as a free state The Missouri Compromise granted statehood to both No slavery above Missouri Compromise Line (36*30’ latitude) Temporary solution to slavery issue Maine was originally part of Massachusetts. The South wasn’t overly concerned about slavery in the Unorganized area because the crops that could be grown there did not require a massive amount of labor. They were more concerned about keeping the balance of slave/free states

Compromise of 1850 1849 California applied for statehood as free state, causing problem of unequal # of free and slave states again. The compromise: 1. California became free state 2. Slave trade ended in D.C. but could keep slaves they already had. 3. New Mexico and Utah territories could decide for themselves if they would be free or slave states. (Popular Sovereignty) 4. Fugitive Slave Act: Runaway slaves to free states must be returned to their owners. (Many Northerners refused to obey)

Compromise of 1850 Though the Compromise initially had little support, it was passed, by dividing it into smaller bills, allowing Congress to vote on each issue separately easing the tension over slavery

Georgia Platform Congress knew that the Compromise of 1850 would give the free states more representation and end the balance of power. Led by Alexander Stephens, Robert Toombs, Georgia approved the Compromise of 1850 and other southern states followed prevented a civil war for 11 years.

Kansas-Nebraska Act 2.- created the territories of Kansas and Nebraska Signed in 1854, the Act, introduced by Stephen Douglas: 1.- repealed the Missouri Compromise (what was that?) 2.- created the territories of Kansas and Nebraska 3.- would allow each territory to decide on the slavery issue by using “popular sovereignty” 4.- led to the formation of the Republican Party which supported keeping slavery out of the territories 5.- led to “Bleeding Kansas” The Missouri Compromise was passed in 1820 keeping an even balance of lave and free states and prohibited slavery north of the southern boundary of Missouri (with the exception of MO)

Bleeding Kansas Because Kansas would decide about slavery through popular sovereignty, both the North (antislavery) and the South (pro-slavery) sent thousands of people into Kansas to sway the vote Tensions between the two groups led to violence and the destruction of property, including the sacking of Lawrence How did the violence in Kansas help demonstrate that popular sovereignty was a failure?

Election of 1860 Democrats are split on whether slavery should be allowed in the territories. Candidates: Abraham Lincoln (Republican) John Breckinridge (Southern Dems) Stephen Douglas (Northern Dems) John Bell (Constitutional Union) Lincoln receives majority of votes. Almost all of his votes were from free states.

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Secession Secession: The act of separating from the Union. Many Georgians argued about what was more important: staying in the Union or doing what they thought was best for their state! South Carolina ceded December 20, 1860

Georgia’s Road to Secession 1) When South Carolina seceded from the Union, Georgia Governor Joseph Brown favored joining right away. 4) Georgia left the Union in January 1861. 3) 297 Delegates voted; 208 voted in favor of secession. 2) Alexander Stephens, a respected Georgia statesman, disagreed. He told Georgians that Lincoln was not the South’s enemy and warned that economic ruin could occur if Georgia seceded.

Alexander Stephens Elected Vice President of the Confederacy Pro-Slavery but also fought to stay in the Union until GA officially seceded.