Bellringer: 12/6 and 12/7 1. Pick up the papers by the door. 2. Update your ToC: 65: Notes: Alexander the Great 66: Alexander: Hero or Villain? 67: Greek People Matching WS 3. Write down your HW: Finish your Greek People matching worksheet (if necessary)

Agenda: 12/6 and 12/7 1. Bellringer 2. Notes – Alexander the Great 3. Alexander: Hero or Villain? 4. Greek People Matching Worksheet

Reading Review: Who was Alexander the Great’s father? Describe Macedonia’s location relative to Greece. Why is Alexander the one to invade Greece and not his father? What is the name of the Persian king Alexander fights? Name two territories other than Greece that Alexander conquers.

Alexander the Great

Setting the Stage: Philip II Ruled Macedonia from 359-336 B.C. and transformed it into a powerful military machine Moved into N. Greece and met little resistance due to residual effects of Peloponnesian War By 338 he was moving towards southern Greece

Macedonia

Alexander the Great Takes Power Philip’s goal: use Greece as a launching pad to invade Persia BUT: was assassinated before he could begin his plan Instead the invasion of Persia would be left for Philip’s son Alexander who was just 20 when Philip was assassinated “Alexander inherited from his father the most perfectly organized, trained, and equipped army of ancient times.” J.F.C. Fuller, The Generalship of Alexander the Great

Conquests of Alexander Ionia and Anatolia 333 Syria, Palestine, Egypt 332 Mesopotamia 331 Persepolis (Iraq) 331 King of Persia 330 India 327 Returns to Susa 324 Dies (age 33) 323

Warfare in the Age of Alexander Phalanx: A military formation of infantry carrying overlapping shields and long spears Adopted by Philip and Alexander but Greek in origin

Warfare in the Age of Alexander Hoplite The main warrior of the Macedonian army. Worked mainly in the tight phalanx formation, creating impregnable lines that often left the enemy demoralized.

Hoplites in Action

Warfare in the Age of Alexander Sieges involved the surrounding and blockading of a town or fortress by an army trying to capture it. A variety of weapons built to hurl projectiles over city walls, scale or batter the walls, and transport soldiers over them.

Tyre Why Tyre? Keep Persia from having a port City built on E. Mediterranean (Phoenicia!) abandoned, rebuilt New city built on an island two miles long and separated from the coast by a half mile channel Walls were 150 feet high As Alexander did not have much of a navy, he resolved to take the city and thus deny the Persians their last harbor in the region. 

Tyrian Fire Ship Burns the Towers

Tyre Alexander goes to Tyre collected a fleet of over 200 ships and maneuvered them into moorings off the harbors Blockaded the Tyrian fleet in its harbors and now was at liberty to use his siege engines to reduce the city’s walls No. of ships Origin 80 Sidon, Aradus, and Byblus 10 Rhodes 3 Soli and Mallus 10 Lycia 1 Macedon 120 Cyprus Composition of Alexander’s Fleet

Tyre After a seven month siege, Tyre fell to Alexander  can get to Egypt now High casualties for people of Tyre 8,000 Tyrians were killed in the fighting, 2,000 more were hung afterwards 400 Macedonians were killed in the siege and just 20 in the assault  Alexander granted pardon to all who had sought sanctuary (safety in the temple), including Azemilcus and his family, as well as many nobles. 30,000 residents and foreigners, mainly women and children, were sold into slavery.

Darius III, King of Persia Gaugamela (Arbela) Darius assembled huge army from all Persian nationalities (over 200,000) Estimates range from 200,000 to a million infantry and 45,000 to 100,000 cavalry 200 scythed chariots 15 elephants Alexander had 40,000 men Even though heavily outnumbered, Alexander emerged victorious due to his army's superior tactics and his deft employment of light infantry. It was a decisive victory for the Hellenic League and led to the fall of the Achaemenid Empire. Modern day northern Iraq (Kurdistan) Darius III, King of Persia 336-330 B.C.

Gaugamela (Arbela) Alexander advanced near Darius’s army on Sept 30, 331 B.C. Darius feared night attack and kept men alert all night When Alexander did attack the next day, Darius’s men were tired In the opening moves, the Persians tried to outflank Alexander Larger force had given them this capability

Darius placed himself in the centre with his best infantry as was the tradition among Persian kings. He was surrounded by, on his right, the Carian cavalry, Greek mercenaries, and the Persian horse guards. In the right-center he placed the Persian foot guards (Apple Bearers/Immortals to the Greeks), the Indian Cavalry and his Mardian archers. On both flanks were the cavalry.  The Macedonian were divided into two, with the right side under the direct command of Alexander, and the left of Parmenion.[34] Alexander fought with his Companion cavalry. Uses phalanx formation to win

Gaugamela (Arbela) Darius now feared for his own safety and fled the field The entire Persian center and left also fled The Persian army eventually retreated Alexander pursued for 70 miles to Arbela (modern day Arbil) but couldn’t catch Darius The Persians lost 40,000 to 90,000 The Macedonians only 500 Darius managed to escape with a small corps of his forces remaining intact. The Bactrian cavalry and Bessus caught up with him, as did some of the survivors of the Royal Guard and 2,000 Greek mercenaries. At this point, the Persian Empire was divided into two halves–East and West. On his escape, Darius gave a speech to what remained of his army. He planned to head further east and raise another army to face Alexander, assuming that the Greeks would head towards Babylon. At the same time, he dispatched letters to his eastern satraps asking them to remain loyal. The satraps, however, had other intentions. Bessus murdered Darius before fleeing eastwards. 

After Gaugamela Darius’s escape frustrated Alexander WHY? Because it prevented him from full claim to being king of Persia Darius’s followers assassinated him eventually As Alexander became king of Persia and continued to advance east, he took on an increasingly Eastern attitude

"The Marriage of Alexander the Great and Roxanna" by Ishmail Parbury The End of the Empire Alexander Married Roxanna and had his men also intermarry Adopted Eastern dress and habits Publicly insisted upon his descent from the gods Began giving key positions to Persians The Macedonians were tired of campaigning and resented the changes in Alexander’s behavior and become mutinous Alexander died in June 323, perhaps as a result of poisoning "The Marriage of Alexander the Great and Roxanna" by Ishmail Parbury

After Alexander After Alexander died, his generals jockeyed for power and by 275 3 generals had divided up his kingdom into three large states Antigonus took Greece and Macedon Ptolemy took Egypt Seleuces took the former Achaemenid empire Period after Alexander: called the Hellenistic period to reflect the broad influence of Greek culture beyond Greece’s borders

Background Information Hellenistic - The blending of Greek cultures with those of Persia, Egypt, and Central Asia following the conquests of Alexander the Great. Accomplished through: Best way to encourage cultural exchange is through marriage. Another great way to gain cultural exchange is through trade and education.

Hellenistic Culture: Architecture and Sculpture Architecture & Sculpture The founding of new cities presented new opportunities for architects & sculptors Hellenistic kings were very willing to spend handsome sums of money in beautifying their new cities. The winged victory of Samothrace. Hellenistic Era Sculpture.

Hellenistic Culture: Science and Mathematics Euclid – father of geometry Archimedes - discovered specific gravity by observing the water he displaced in his bath Aristarchus - Heliocentric Universe Eratosthenes- Determined the earth was round. Also, he calculated the Earth’s circumference to be 24,675 miles… only 185 miles

Hellenistic Culture: Philosophy Cynicism- rejected the ideas of pleasure, wealth, and social responsibility. Instead, they should live according to nature. Withdrew from society. Many gave away possessions and became vagrants or wanderers. They were like homeless people in today’s society. Epicureans- sought out pleasure, developed close friendships with those that shared similar beliefs Pleasure- Good Pain- Bad or Evil Stoicism- placed emphasis on reason, self-discipline, emotional control, and personal morality.