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Picture shows the East India Company steamship Nemesis destroying Chinese war junks during the Second Battle of Chuenpi in January 1841 during the First Opium War.

Picture: British troops at the Battle of Amoy, 1841 during the First Opium War

China fights to stop England from importing opium England wins easy victories in both England gets Hong Kong & China carved up into spheres of influence Notes: Specifically, there was the First Opium War (1839–1842) and the Second Opium War (1856–1860).

Former Dutch farmers (Boers) fought English in South Africa British victory brings the Cape Colony (South Africa) under British control African Independence movements crushed The First Boer War was fought 1880-1881. Second was fought 1899 – 1902. “Boer” was the Dutch word for farmer, which is what the descendants of the original Dutch settlers were. They had established two independent republics - the Transvaal and the Orange Free State.

Japan & Russia fight over territory in Korea & Manchuria Japan wins (surprisingly) and US negotiates treaty Fought 1904-1905. Russia sought a warm-water port on the Pacific Ocean for their navy and trade. The Japanese government perceived a Russian threat to its strategic interests in Korea and chose to go to war. After negotiations broke down in 1904, the Japanese Navy attacked the Russian fleet in a surprise attack. Picture shows Theodore Roosevelt negotiating the peace between them.

US fights Spain over colonies & territory US wins & takes the Philippines, Cuba, Puerto Rico & Guam Fought in 1898 (in just a few months) mostly in the Philippines and Cuba.

Picture shows a cartoon representation of Uncle Sam and President McKinley fighting Chinese “Boxers” during the Boxer Rebellion

Britain puts down rebellion but takes over direct control of India Rebellion of Sepoys (Indian soldiers) against the British East India Company Britain puts down rebellion but takes over direct control of India Sepoys were supposedly inspired to rebel by a rumor that animal fat was used in their rifle cartridges (which they would need to bite off to load the rifle. This offended both Hindus and Muslims. However, they had long been antagonistic against British control over their country. Picture shows an execution of a Sepoy by “Blowing from a gun”. Later, the Indian National Congress would be founded to push for Indian independence.

Chinese groups angry over foreign influence in their country Rebellion put down by the “Eight Nation Alliance” China forced to pay massive reparations Took place between 1899-1901. The 8 Nation Alliance consisted of Japan, Russia, Great British, France, the United States, Germany, Italy and Austria-Hungary. The Chinese Empress Dowager Cixi supported the Boxers who fought the combined armies for 55 days before being defeated. The result of the rebellion was a weakening of the Imperial Qing Dynasty but also Westerners giving up on any thoughts of colonizing China.

US sugar plantations in Hawaii become very valuable New Queen Liliuokalani threatens to take them under Hawaiian control US sends envoy to overthrow the monarchy and annex Hawaii The Kingdom of Hawaii was overthrown in 1893 when American government minister John Stevens summoned the marines to protect US economic interests there. The Queen was placed under house arrest and yielded control of the islands to the US.

Filipinos upset the US did not give them independence Emilio Aguinaldo leads a bloody 3 year conflict US is victorious & controls the Philippines until 1946 Many Filipinos had thought they were fighting alongside the US against Spain for their independence. However, after the Spanish-American War ended, the US was not ready to give up the islands so quickly. In response, Aguinaldo led the fight against the US which was longer and much more brutal than the Spanish-American War.

Picture shows Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus – a railway station in Mumbai built in 1887.

Influx of industrial goods New jobs as industry builds up Infrastructure improved with roads, railroad, & postal services Picture shows ships at Canton, China.

Schools and universities opened Better medicine and hospitals introduced Picture shows Calcutta Medical College in 1865.