مروری بر فیزیولوژی دستگاه دفع ادرار (1) جلسه چهارم : فیزیولوژی انسانی

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مروری بر فیزیولوژی دستگاه دفع ادرار (1) جلسه چهارم : فیزیولوژی انسانی 1- ساختمان دستگاه دفع ادرار 2- ساختمان عملی کلیه 3- خون رسانی و جریان خون کلیه 4- ساختمان غشاء پالایش و ویژگیهای آن مروری بر فیزیولوژی انسانی

دستگاه دفع ادرار و ساختمان کلیه دستگاه دفع ادرار و ساختمان کلیه Renal Papilla Renal Column Minor Calyx Major Calyx Renal Pyramids Ureter A frontal section shows three distinct regions Cortex – the light colored, granular superficial region Medulla – exhibits cone-shaped medullary (renal) pyramids Pyramids are made up of parallel bundles of urine-collecting tubules Renal columns are inward extensions of cortical tissue that separate the pyramids The medullary pyramid and its surrounding capsule constitute a lobe Renal pelvis – flat, funnel-shaped tube lateral to the hilus within the renal sinus Major calyces – large branches of the renal pelvis Collect urine draining from papillae Empty urine into the pelvis Urine flows through the pelvis and ureters to the bladder

اعمال کلیه تصفیه خون و تشکیل ادرار تنظیم حجم مایعات بدن تنظیم ترکیب شیمیایی و اسمولالیته مایعات بدن تعادل اسید – باز تنظیم قند خون در مواقع روزه داری ( گلوکونئوژنز ) تنظیم دراز مدت فشار خون تولید هورمون : رنین – آنژیوتانسین توسط دستگاه مجاور گلومرولی ، کلسی تریول ، اریتروپویتین عوامل موضعی یورودیلاتین ، مواد تنگ کننده رگی ( آدنوزین ، ترومبوکسان A2 و اندوتلین )، مواد گشاد کننده رگی ( برادی کینین و نیتریک اکسد )

انواع نفرونها و تراکم بافتی کلیه ساختمان نفرون نفرون میان قشری نفرون قشری نفرون مجاور مرکزی باریکه خارجی باریکه داخلی ناحیه خارجی ناحیه داخلی بخش پیچ خورده مستقیم Bellinian duct Cortical & mid-cortical nephrons – 85% of nephrons; located in the cortex Juxtamedullary nephrons: Are located at the cortex-medulla junction Have loops of Henle that deeply invade the medulla Have extensive thin segments Are involved in the production of concentrated urine

Juxtaglomerular Apparatus(دستگااه مجاور گلومرولی ) دستگااه مجاور گلومرولی شامل سلولهای ماکولا دنشا یا لکه متراکم در ابتدای توبول دیستال، سلولهای مجاور گلومرولی در دیواره شریانچه آوران و سلولهای دور عروقی یا سلولهایدانه دار بینابینی نوع 2 می شود. این دستگاه مسئول تنظیم میزان جریان خون کلیه و میزان پالایش گلونرولی است. Lacis cells JGA Where the distal tubule lies against the afferent (sometimes efferent) arteriole Arteriole walls have juxtaglomerular (JG) cells Enlarged, smooth muscle cells Have secretory granules containing renin Act as mechanoreceptors Macula densa Tall, closely packed distal tubule cells Lie adjacent to JG cells Function as chemoreceptors or osmoreceptors Mesanglial cells: Have phagocytic and contractile properties Influence capillary filtration Figure 25.6

خون رسانی به کلیه ها Glomerular capillary Approximately one-fourth (1200 ml) of systemic cardiac output flows through the kidneys each minute Arterial flow into and venous flow out of the kidneys follow similar paths

جریان خون کلیه ( RBF ) و تنظیم آن نسبت درصد میزان جریان خون کبیه به برون ده قلبی که حدود 25% است را کسر کلیوی می نامند. میزان جریان خون کبیه با تغییر مقاومت عروق کلیه تغییر می کند عواملی که موجب تنگی عروق کلیه شده و میزان جریان خون کبیه را کاهش می دهند عبارتند از اپینفرین و نور اپینفرین ( تنگ کننده شریانهای بین لبوبی و شریانچه آوران )، ترومبوکسان A2 و ATP (تنگ کننده شریانچه آوران )، آنژیوتانسین نمره 2 (تنگ کننده شریانچه وابران )، اندوتلین، آدنوزین و هورمون ضد ادرار عواملی که موجب گشادی عروق کلیه شده و میزان جریان خون کبیه را افزایش می دهند عبارتند از پروستاگلندین E2 و I2 (تنگ کننده عروق مرکزی ولی گشاد کننده عروق قشر کلیه)، هورمونهای گلوکو کورتیکوئیدی و نیتریک اکسید (گشاد کننده شریانچه آوران )، استیل کولین، دوپامین و رژیم پر پروتئین Prostaglandins (PGE2 and PGI2) Vasodilators produced in response to sympathetic stimulation and angiotensin II Are thought to prevent renal damage when peripheral resistance is increased Nitric oxide – vasodilator produced by the vascular endothelium Adenosine – vasoconstrictor of renal vasculature Endothelin – a powerful vasoconstrictor secreted by tubule cells

( Filtration Membrane) ساختمان عشاء پالایش منافذ شکافی با قطر 25 نانومتر که بوسیله پرده نازکی پوشیده شده است پنجره مویرگی با قطر 70 تا 90 نانومتر غشاء با بار منفی Glomerular filtration barrier = capillary endothelium + basement membrane + filtration slits of podocytes Glomerular filtration barrier restricts the filtration of molecules on the basis of SIZE and ELECTRICAL CHARGE --- For example, neutral solutes < 18 Å radius are freely filtered; those > 36 Å do not; solutes between 18 and 36 Å are filtered to various degrees --- Serum albumin is anionic and has 35.5 Å radius is only filtered ~7 g per day (out of ~70 kg/day passing through glomeruli) --- In a number of glomerular diseases the negative charge on various barriers for filtration is lost due to immunologic damage and inflammation, resulting in proteinuria (i.e., increased filtration of serum proteins that are mostly negatively charged).

40 60 80 40 80 توانایی عبور ( تصفیه شدن ) مواد از عشاء پالایش که به انداره و بار الکتریکی آنها بستگی دارد Neutral particles smaller than 4 nm filter freely in Rats Particles greater than 8 nm could not filter at all Particles between 4 & 8 depends on their size & charge Only 0. 2% of plasma albumin which is approximately 3.5 ×7 nm but negatively charged is filtered 7 g/day of ~7000 g/day plasma Albumin passes through the Glomerular capillaries (Filtration Ftaction for Albumin = ~ 0.01% instead of 15-20% for freely filtered substances ) is filtered . ~100mg/d protein is excreted /d which is mainly from shed tubular cells .