World War I The End of the War

Events in Russia: Tsar Abdicates In March 1917, Tsar Nicolas (Romanov Imperial Family) and the autocracy in Russia were overthrown in a relatively peaceful revolution = the First of Russia’s two revolutions. The Tsar abdicates = steps down from the throne. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D69SqdDaygk http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a0RgFDM9ZvE

Events in Russia: Provisional Government A Provisional Government (temporary) took over = they were moderate communists. This government decided to continue the war despite the people’s protests = it was political suicide.

Events in Russia: The Bolsheviks + Lenin The Bolsheviks (revolutionary communists) lead by Vladimir Lenin took over in what has become known as the second of Russia’s Revolutions. Lenin created a communist government that ruled what was then known as the Soviet Union/USSR (Union of Soviet Socialist Republics).

Events in Russia: Stalin The USSR would eventually be led by Lenin’s successor, Joseph Stalin (one of the most evil men in history).

Peace + The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk In order for Russians to leave WWI, Lenin immediately opened peace negotiations with the Germans. The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk was the result.

The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk A peace treaty between Russian and Germany that enabled Russian to leave the war to take care of their political turmoil. Left Germany fighting a one-front war. Gave Germany money, land and citizens.

The USA enters WWI The Americans entered WWI on April 2, 1917. The US was the most powerful industrial nation on earth and Germany wanted to try one more time to win the war before US enforcements came – they failed at this attempt.

The USA enters WW1 The US brought in fresh troops and optimism. There were many reasons why they joined the war. The most prominent were the Zimmerman Telegram and the Lusitania.

The USA: A Telegram + A Boat Zimmerman Telegram, 1917 = a German telegram to Mexico that was intercepted by the US; stated that the Germans would support the Mexicans in taking several states in the Southern US. RMS Lusitania, 1915 = a neutral US/British boat that was sunk by German U-boats.

Germany’s Last Push West Germany racing west to take advantage of the period before American troops arrive Germans push west, get to 75km from Paris Ypres, the Somme, Passchendaele taken Exhausted, no supplies, no replacements

Hundred Day Campaign Starting August 1918, series of Allied attacks to push Germans back Canadian troops played large role Successfully broke through Hindenburg Line, a series of German defences in France General Arthur Currie considered it Canada’s greatest achievement in WWI

Hindenberg Line

Hundred Day Campaign

Collapse of the Central Powers October 1918 – Austro-Hungarian Empire splits up; separate states negotiate peace with Allies November 1918 – revolution in Germany; Kaiser Wilhelm II abdicates; republic declared

Armistice Armistice – November 11, 1918 “armistice” = truce Signed in railcar in France Between Allies and Germany In effect 11:00AM, Nov. 11, 1918

Armistice

Armistice

Aftermath of WWI 16 million dead worldwide 10 million soldiers, 6 million civilians 21 million wounded 66,000 Canadians dead, 170,000 wounded Spanish Influenza Spread by soldiers returning home 22 million dead worldwide Including 55,000 Canadians

The Cost in $$$ Cost $400,000,000,000 (400 Billion) in 1919 = values approximately $4 Trillion today. These sums do not take into account the disruption of the European economy, the crippling of soldiers and civilian, or the sums of money to be paid to veterans in the form of pensions for generations.

The Spanish Influenza The Spanish Influenza struck in the trenches of the western front and then flourished when soldiers returned home. It became the greatest public health disaster of modern history.

Spanish Influenza

Spanish Influenza

Peace Process Paris Peace Conference January 1919 PM Borden gets separate seat at conference, rather than Britain representing Canada; also signed Treaty separately… BIG DEAL Talks dominated by Britain, France, USA, but Canada made its presence felt Result was the Treaty of Versailles http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ynkpS0rdZnw

Paris Peace Conference

Treaty of Versailles June 28, 1919 Laid out terms of peace for Germany President Wilson proposed 14-point plan based on forgiveness France and Belgium wanted Germany to pay http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6YJfOZkriyk http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J31vkB4IdS0

Treaty of Versailles German “guilt clause” Reparations - $30 billion ($300+ billion today) Unable to meet payments Germany loses land to France and Poland, among others (split in two) German army limited to 100,000 soldiers Not allowed U-boats or an air force League of Nations formed CANADA ACTUALLY HAD SOME INPUT!!!

Treaty of Versailles

League of Nations President Wilson’s idea (self determination and forgiveness) Similar to today’s United Nations Collective Security – one country is attacked, others help defend it Britain and France not enthused about League Wanted to remain imperialistic League popular with the public Canada an independent member of League http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TdHA5uT9ocg

The LON: Headquarters With headquarters in Geneva, Switzerland. The LON (began in 1919) it lasted until the founding of its successor, the UNITED NATIONS, in 1945.

League of Nations Limitations Required co-operation No military force, only economic sanctions Americans refused to join, even though Wilson’s idea (Germany and Russia also not in)

The LON: Collective Security Members were required to respect and preserve each other's territory and independence = collective security. Aggression against any member would be considered aggression against all, and would lead to collective economic, and possibly military, measures = collective security.

League of Nations

The LON: No Effective Action Proved incapable of effective action in the face of territorial aggression in the 1930s by Japan, Italy, and Germany. Japan = Manchurian Crisis, 1931 (http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8cC2QqWsFTE) Italy = Abyssinian Crisis, 1934 (http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XovLtuLwcxw) Germany = Rearmament, Anschluss with Austria, Invasion of Czechoslovakia + Poland, 1935-1939.

The LON: Weaknesses/Failure The League did not have a military so all it could do in the face of aggression via aggressor nations was apply economic sanctions. The League ceased to function as a collective security organization, although its social and economic activities continued until WWII. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EbHxGiHZW80

Canada: T of V + the LON Canada was a member throughout the League's existence, and served from 1927-30 on the council. Treaty of Versailles = Borden insisted Canada put its own signature on it. LON = Canada and other dominions given their own seats.

Canada & the Empire Two important effects: Ended public admiration for old school imperialism – allure of GB paled and thrill of imperial military pride never recovered. Self image – Canada’s strong contribution to the war gave us a strong international voice.

Canada & Loss 620,000 Canadians served in WWI. 66,000 died. 172,000 were wounded.

“It can hardly be expected that we shall put 400,000 or 500,000 men in the field and willingly accept the position of having no more voice and receiving no more consideration than if we were toy automata” ~ Robert Borden

“We want more men from them “We want more men from them. We can hardly ask them to make another great recruiting effort unless it is accompanied by an invitation to come over and discuss the situation with us” ~ Lloyd George

EFFECTS OF WWI ON CANADA National Identity Economy Women’s Rights Canadian Autonomy International Status French-English Relations Racial Discrimination/WMA Thousands Dead and Wounded Country Mobilized Killed Wounded Total Casualties Canada 620,000 67,000 173,000 241,000 39% Grt Brit. 5,397,000 703,000 1,663,000 2,367,000 44% USA 4,272,500 117,000 204,000 321,000 8% Spanish Influenza

Was WW I a postive or negative experience for Canada Was WW I a postive or negative experience for Canada? Be sure to use Key Terms Positives Negatives Many more…… Many more……

The Roaring Twenties and the Dirty Thirties Up Next: The Roaring Twenties and the Dirty Thirties FAILURE OF THE LEAGUE: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h-7YCcZUXmw http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KfnEy8FuElc