Assessing Disease Progression in MS Treatment
Program Goals
Biomarkers in MS
Limitations of Clinical and MRI Assessments
Clinical Use of Markers of Progression in RRMS
Characteristics of Ideal Biomarkers
Lymphocytosis and Lymphocyte Profile
OCT
CSF Markers of Inflammation
Limitations of CSF Markers of Inflammation
Molecular Imaging
Neurofilament Levels as Markers of Disease Activity
NfL Levels as Markers of Therapeutic Response
NfL as a Marker of Therapeutic Response: Summary
Limitations of Serum NfL Assessment in Clinical Practice
Metabolic Imaging
Limitations of Clinical Assessments of Progression
Leptomeningeal Contrast Enhancement
Safety of Repeated Gd-Enhanced MRI
Kynurenine Pathway in Progression to SPMS
Challenges in Assessing Therapeutic Response in SPMS
The Need for Different Imaging Markers for PPMS
Conclusions
Abbreviations
Abbreviations (cont)