Migration Relocation of large number of Bantu- speaking people brings cultural diffusion and change to southern Africa

Migration Permanent move to new place A pattern in human culture

Causes of Migration Environmental Economic Political Be able to give examples of each. In the early history of human life,________ factors were most likely the strongest.

Migration: Push-Pull Factors

Effects of Migration Results of migration may be positive or negative. Examples Change of population density Cultural blending of languages or way of life Ideas and technologies may be shared Clashes between groups (persecution, war) Famine, depleted natural resources Unemployment and poverty

Tracing Migration Through Language One way to trace migration is to study how languages spread Africa has many complex language families Many anthropologists believe that the Bantu language spread across Africa as a result of migration. A Bantu language is the first language of nearly 1/3 of all Africans

Bantu-speaking Peoples Early Africans who spread culture and language Originally lived in savanna south of Sahara Now southeastern Nigeria The word Bantu means “the people” Groups that passed along ironworking

Migration Begins Bantu speakers migrate south and east starting about 3000 BC Live by slash-and-burn farming, nomadic herding; knew ironworking Share skills, learn new customs, adapt to environment

Causes of Migration Bantu speakers move to find farmland, flee growing Sahara Need iron ore resources and hardwood forests for iron smelting Within 1,500 years they reach southern tip of Africa

Effect of Migration Bantu speakers drive out some inhabitants; intermix with others Bantu migrations produce a great variety of cultures Language helps unify the continent

Swahili 240 million people speak one of a Bantu languages 50 million speak Swahili Spoken in Central and East Africa Most common after Arabic Means “the coast” Official language of Tanzania and Kenya Mix of Bantu and Arabic

Guided Reading p. 30 1.a. How did they change their farming in the rain forests? They farmed only along riverbanks. b. Why was the change necessary? These were the only places that had enough sun.

p. 30 cont. 2.a. How did they change their techniques? They adapted techniques of herding goats and sheep to raising cattle. b. Why did they make this change? The savannas could support cattle.

p. 30 cont. 3. Some of their adaptations caused them to continue their migrations to new places. Why? When their farming methods or the new crops they learned to cultivate had exhausted the land, the people had to pick up and migrate to another place.

p. 30 cont. 4.a. Why did the Bantu- speaking people move southward, rather than to the north? The area to the north was already densely populated and the desert was expanding southward. b. What happened to the non- Bantu-speaking hunter-gatherer societies as the newcomers spread south? In territorial wars, the newcomers with their superior weapons, drove the non-Bantu- speakers into small areas.

p. 30 cont 5.a. How did the Bantu speakers relate to the people they did not drive out? They exchanged ideas and intermarried with the original people. b. What were some results of their intermingling? The intermingling created new cultures with unique customs and traditions.

p. 30 cont 6. How did the Bantu speakers help unify the various peoples of Africa? As a result of Bantu migrations, today there are at least 60 million people who speak one of the Bantu languages.