Chapter 28 Section 1 The Civil Rights Movement Riddlebarger Fighting Segregation Chapter 28 Section 1 The Civil Rights Movement Riddlebarger

What happens to a dream deferred? Does it dry up like a raisin in the sun? Or fester like a sore- And then run? Does it stink like rotten meat? Or crust and sugar over- like a syrupy sweet? Maybe it just sags like a heavy load. Or does it explode? -Langston Hughes, “Lenox Avenue Mural”

I, too, sing America. I am the darker brother. They send me to eat in the kitchen When company comes, But I laugh, And eat well, And grow strong. Tomorrow,I'll be at the table When company comes. Nobody'll dare Say to me, "Eat in the kitchen,” Then. Besides, They'll see how beautiful I am And be ashamed— I, too, am America. -Langston Hughes, “I too”

Once riding in old Baltimore, Heart-filled, head-filled with glee, I saw a Baltimorean Keep looking straight at me. Now I was eight and very small, And he was no whit bigger, And so I smiled, but he poked out His tongue, and called me “Nigger.” I saw the whole of Baltimore From May until December, Of all the things that happened there That’s all that I remember - Countee Cullen, “Incident” (1925)

What are civil rights? The rights of citizens to political and social freedom and equality.

The Civil Rights Movement Before 1954 Pre-Colonial days Abolitionist movement 1866: 14th Amendment 1896: Plessy v. Ferguson “separate but equal” NAACP

1940’s: Decade of Progress A. Philip Randolph Founding of CORE- Congress of Racial Equality nonviolence Desegregation of military (1948) Integration of baseball

Seeking Change in the Courts NAACP focus Charles Hamilton Houston and Thurgood Marshall

Brown vs. Board of Education 1950’s: Thurgood Marshall & NAACP focus on segregation of elementary & high schools Brown v. Topeka Board of Education- 1954

Segregation prior to Brown wikipedia

Brown Ruling Separation of schoolchildren “generates a feeling of inferiority… that may affect their hearts and minds in a way unlikely to be undone.” “the doctrine of ‘separate but equal’ has no place,” in the field of public ed. Integration with “all deliberate speed.”

Chief Justice Earl Warren “Education is perhaps the most important function of local and state governments…It is doubtful that any child may reasonably be expected to succeed in life if he is denied the opportunity of an education. Such an opportunity…is a right that must be made available to all on equal terms…Does segregation of children in schools solely on the basis of race…deprive the children of the minority group of equal educational opportunities? We believe it does.” Chief Justice Earl Warren

After Brown decision Brown era- 21 segregated states (south) Various responses 75% of school districts in South remain segregated in 1965 Virginia

The Little Rock Crisis 1957: Governor Orval Faubus Arkansas National Guard

Little Rock Nine Sept. 4, 1957 Little Rock Nine President Eisenhower

Federal Intervention Sept. 24: end the stand-off. Little Rock Nine experience at school

Montgomery Bus Boycott Impact of Brown Bus system of Montgomery, Alabama

Rosa Parks 1955: Rosa Parks

Montgomery Bus Boycott NAACP calls for bus boycott in Montgomery.

Martin Luther King, Jr. Local Minister, Martin Luther King, Jr. is chosen to lead boycott Court ruling

Birth of SCLC Montgomery experience provides inspiration Creation of SCLC Goal