Ravi K. Ghanta, MD, John A. Kern, MD

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Presentation transcript:

Staged Hybrid Repair for Extent II Thoracoabdominal Aortic Aneurysms and Dissections Ravi K. Ghanta, MD, John A. Kern, MD Operative Techniques in Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery Volume 19, Issue 2, Pages 238-251 (June 2014) DOI: 10.1053/j.optechstcvs.2014.07.001 Copyright © 2014 Terms and Conditions

Figure 1 Crawford extent II thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm. The aneurysm extends from the proximal thoracic aorta to the aortic bifurcation. Significant intraluminal thrombus is often present. Although not shown in this figure, chronic dissection is present in many cases. In this case, the aneurysm extends up to the level of the left subclavian artery. Open repair would require clamping between the left carotid and the left subclavian artery, which can be challenging and risks injury to the recurrent laryngeal nerve. Staged hybrid repair obviates high proximal clamping and anastomosis. In this case, a suitable proximal landing zone is present for TEVAR between the left carotid and the subclavian artery. Endograft selection is done after reviewing aortic luminal diameters based on CT angiogram. v = vein; a = artery. Operative Techniques in Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery 2014 19, 238-251DOI: (10.1053/j.optechstcvs.2014.07.001) Copyright © 2014 Terms and Conditions

Figure 2 The first stage of the hybrid TAAA repair is performed. Patients are positioned supine with the left arm out to allow access to the left brachial artery. All patients have a lumbar drain. A left carotid to subclavian artery bypass graft is performed. The left common femoral artery is accessed percutaneously and a marker pigtail catheter is advanced into the aortic root. An open cutdown exposes the right common femoral artery. A stiff wire is advanced into the aortic root over an angled guide catheter. The delivery sheath of the endograft is then advanced into the mid-thoracic aorta over the stiff guidewire. An angiogram is performed to delineate the proximal landing zone. The endograft is then advanced into the appropriate position for deployment. a = artery. Operative Techniques in Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery 2014 19, 238-251DOI: (10.1053/j.optechstcvs.2014.07.001) Copyright © 2014 Terms and Conditions

Figure 3 The endograft is deployed. The delivery device is removed and an appropriately sized balloon catheter is advanced over the stiff wire to balloon dilate the proximal stent graft. A catheter is advanced over a wire via the left brachial artery to coil embolize the proximal origin of the left subclavian artery. The marker pigtail is repositioned to be intraluminal within the endograft. An angiogram is performed. If a proximal endoleak is present, additional measures such as repeat ballooning, coil embolization, or additional endograft placement may be required. The distal extent of the endograft is often down to the celiac artery or the largest distal intercostal to facilitate aortic clamping for the subsequent open stage of the TAAA repair. Operative Techniques in Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery 2014 19, 238-251DOI: (10.1053/j.optechstcvs.2014.07.001) Copyright © 2014 Terms and Conditions

Figure 4 After recovery from the first stage, then the second stage of the hybrid TAAA repair is performed. If the patient’s endograft is free floating in the distal thoracic aorta, the second stage is performed during the same hospitalization. Otherwise, it is performed 1-3 months later. A double-lumen endotracheal tube and a right femoral arterial line are placed. All patients have lumbar drains. Patients are positioned in a right lateral decubitus position with the pelvis angled 30° to the bed and the thoracic cavity angled 60° to the bed. This allows performance of a posterolateral thoracotomy and access to the femoral vessels. Two incisions are performed. The thoracoabdominal incision is performed to enter the eighth intercostal space. A transverse groin incision is made to expose the left common femoral artery and vein. Operative Techniques in Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery 2014 19, 238-251DOI: (10.1053/j.optechstcvs.2014.07.001) Copyright © 2014 Terms and Conditions

Figure 5 The left lung is deflated and the eighth intercostal space is entered. The costal margin is sharply divided. A retroperitoneal exposure of the abdominal aorta is performed. The diaphragm is divided circumferentially to the aortic hiatus. Operative Techniques in Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery 2014 19, 238-251DOI: (10.1053/j.optechstcvs.2014.07.001) Copyright © 2014 Terms and Conditions

Figure 6 Clamp sites of the distal thoracic and abdominal aorta are selected and then encircled with umbilical tape. The proximal aortic clamp is usually in the mid-thoracic aorta 4-6cm proximal to the end of the endograft. The patient is heparinized and femoral arterial and venous cannulation is performed. We typically use a 15- or 17-F arterial and 17- or 19-F venous cannulas. The patient is then placed on partial cardiopulmonary bypass. a = artery. Operative Techniques in Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery 2014 19, 238-251DOI: (10.1053/j.optechstcvs.2014.07.001) Copyright © 2014 Terms and Conditions

Figure 7 Clamps are placed on the proximal and distal aorta. In our experience, the endograft is not damaged when clamped. The thoracoabdominal aorta is then opened. Thrombus is resected. The celiac, superior mesenteric, and renal arteries are identified and separately cannulated with a balloon perfusion catheter (10-13F; Medtronic). Mesenteric and renal perfusion is initiated. If large intercostal and lumbar arteries are present, a bypass graft can be fashioned using a 6-mm Dacron graft (not shown in figure), otherwise they are oversewn. Operative Techniques in Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery 2014 19, 238-251DOI: (10.1053/j.optechstcvs.2014.07.001) Copyright © 2014 Terms and Conditions

Figure 8 The distal thoracic aorta is tapered to match the size of the endograft. A triangular wedge of aorta is removed anteriorly. If a dissection is present, the dissection septum is divided. All thrombus is removed. The triangular wedge is closed primarily with a running monofilament suture. An end-to-end anastomosis is performed using a running monofilament suture. We use felt-strip reinforcement. Operative Techniques in Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery 2014 19, 238-251DOI: (10.1053/j.optechstcvs.2014.07.001) Copyright © 2014 Terms and Conditions

Figure 9 The proximal thoracic clamp is moved distally to the graft, and the proximal aortic anastomosis is assessed for hemostasis. We then sequentially anastomose the mesenteric and renal branches. The order depends on vessel orientation with the most posterior branches performed first. A typical sequence is to do the right renal artery, followed by the superior mesenteric artery, and then the celiac artery. The left renal artery is usually anastomosed last after the distal aortic anastomosis. a = artery. Operative Techniques in Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery 2014 19, 238-251DOI: (10.1053/j.optechstcvs.2014.07.001) Copyright © 2014 Terms and Conditions

Figure 10 The distal aortic anastomosis is performed with a running monofilament suture with felt-strip reinforcement. Following this the left renal artery anastomosis is performed. a = artery. Operative Techniques in Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery 2014 19, 238-251DOI: (10.1053/j.optechstcvs.2014.07.001) Copyright © 2014 Terms and Conditions

Figure 11 The completed repair. Operative Techniques in Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery 2014 19, 238-251DOI: (10.1053/j.optechstcvs.2014.07.001) Copyright © 2014 Terms and Conditions