The Organelles -nucleus -cytoplasm -nucleolus -cytoskeleton -cell membrane/wall -vacuole -mitochondria -chloroplast -golgi Apparatus -centrioles -lysosomes -ribosomes -endoplasmic reticulum(ER) *Rough ER & Smooth ER

CELL WALL Plant cells and certain algae, bacteria, and fungi Support Protection Allows materials in and out of cell

Nucleus The “brain” of the cell Controls all of the cellular activities DNA is inside the nucleus

Nucleus are found inside the nucleus CHROMOSOMES- carry the information that determines what traits a living thing will have Chromosomes – http://www.bioethics.org.nz/publications/human-genes-discussion-jan04/html/page4.html

DNA - Deoxyribonucleic acid

DNA - Deoxyribonucleic acid DNA carries the genetic information of a cell Consists of thousands of genes It specifies everything that is needed for the maintenance, function, and replication of the cell It is made up of 4 different bases: (A) adenine (C) cytosine (T) thymine (G) guanine

DNA - Deoxyribonucleic acid www.stanford.edu/group/hopes/ basics/dna/b1.html

NUCLEOLUS The dark area in the nucleus Like a tiny nucleus inside the nucleus. Ribosomes made here

Cell Membrane sun.menloschool.org/~cweaver/ cells/c/cell_membrane/

Controls what passes in and out of the cell Cell Membrane (plasma membrane) is a thin semi-permeable membrane that surrounds the cytoplasm of a cell Holds all the material inside the cell and keeps all the “stuff” in place in the cell. Controls what passes in and out of the cell All cells have a cell membrane

Mitochondria Mito = Mighty / Power The Power-House of the cell They break down food molecules so the cell has the energy to live If a cell needs a lot of energy…it will have more mitochondria vilenski.org/science/safari/ cellstructure/mito.html

The Mitochondria structure has three main parts: OUTER MEMBRANE: covers the mitochondria INNER MEMBRANE: folds many times to increase the surface area because chemical reactions (glycolysis) occur here http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/cells/animals/images/mitochondria.jpg So…the more space it has the more energy it can create

MATRIX: a fluid that has water and proteins all mixed together (like a solution) The proteins take the food molecules in and combine them with Oxygen to release the energy http://cwx.prenhall.com/horton/medialib/media_portfolio/text_images/FG01_15-03UN.JPG

Endoplasmic Reticulum also known as the “ER” it is an organelle inside the cell that is made up of membranes that are in the CYTOPLASM of the cell

Smooth ER vs. Rough ER There are 2 types of ER! http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/cells/animals/images/endoplasmic.jpg

Smooth ER Main function is to collect, maintain & transport things- like a conveyer belt Shaped slightly tubular Creates steroids Stores Ions for the cell to keep nutrients balanced

Rough ER It has bumps all over it giving it a “rough” appearance Bumps are called RIBOSOMES ER collects the proteins (built by the ribosomes) and creates a bubble around them

Types of Ribosomes There are two kinds of ribosomes 1) Attached to the rough ER 2) floating in the cell cytoplasm Attached ribosomes make proteins that are used in the ER or transported within the ER Free ribosomes make proteins that are used in the cytoplasm

Ribosomes small dot-like structures in cells they are often associated with forming rough ER Ribosomes are the site of protein synthesis in cells they are made in the nucleus of the cell A ribosome can make the average protein in about one minute

Ribosome Structure Ribosomes are made up of proteins and ribonucleic acid(RNA) These molecules are arranged into two subunits These subunits are attached to each other and together form the entire ribosome When viewed through a light microscope the ribosomes appear as dots

GOLGI APPARATUS Also called the Golgi Complex or Golgi Body It is made up of a stack of flattened out sacs …like a loose stack of pancakes WHAT DOES IT DO? 1) it takes simple molecules and combines them to make larger molecules. 2) takes those larger molecules and puts them into packs called GOLGI VESICLES

GOLGI APPARATUS Stacks of disk shaped membranes. Sort Package proteins Process

LYSOSOMES CELLULAR DRAIN-O Sacs containing digestive enzymes that can break down almost all types of biological materials. CELLULAR DRAIN-O

LYSOSOMES (primarily animal) They combine with the food taken in by the cell The enzymes in the lysosome bond to food & digest it (acidic interior) Next…smaller molecules are released which are absorbed by the mitochondria

LYSOSOMES When an organelle no longer works, the lysosome will attach itself to it and break it down like food (kind of like a cannibal) Chemicals can then be reabsorbed or excreted Lysosomes can also destroy the cell if it breaks open accidentally “Suicide Sacs” UV light damages lysosome membrane The enzymes inside the lysosome spread throughout the cell and digest it -

LYSOSOMES

CYTOPLASM everything inside the cell membrane & outside of the nucleus except the cell’s nuclelus jelly-like material that is eighty percent water and usually clear in color cytoplasm

CYTOPLASM Home of the cytoskeleton, a network of cytoplasmic filaments that are responsible for the movement of the cell and give the cell its shape Surrounding the nuclear envelope and the cytoplasmic organelles.

CYTOSKELETON Chief functions include: movement of material through the cell for stuff not diffusion or osmosis maintaining the shape of the cell keeping the cell from getting smashed

CYTOSKELETON http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=www.bi.umist.ac.uk/users/mjfjam/1CAT/cytoskeleton.gif&imgrefurl=http://www.bi.umist.ac.uk/users/mjfjam/1CAT/l007.htm&h=233&w=419&prev=/images%3Fq%3DCYTOSKELETON%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D%26ie%3DUTF-8%26oe%3DUTF-8%26sa%3DG http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=www.personal.psu.edu/users/a/m/amh244/cytoskeleton.GIF&imgrefurl=http://www.personal.psu.edu/users/a/m/amh244/cytoskeleton. html&h=299&w=350&prev=/images%3Fq%3DCYTOSKELETON%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D%26ie%3DUTF-8%26oe%3DUTF-8%26sa%3DG

VACUOLE Vacuoles are “bubbles” that float in the cell Vacuoles are more important to the survival of plant cells than they are to animal cells

VACUOLE: STORAGE IN PLANT CELLS Vacuoles in plants support structure Vacuoles hold onto things that the cell might need…like a backpack There are some vacuoles that hold onto waste products, similar to having a big septic tank Storing waste products protects the cell from contamination

VACUOLE CONT’D When there is no water…the vacuole shrinks and the cell wall is the only thing holding the plant together. You will know that a plant's vacuoles are shrinking when you see the plant begin to droop over

Turgor Pressure- force exerted by the water entering (osmosis) the vacuole, which then swells exerting internal force on the cell wall Causes “rigidity” so the plant my increase by stacking cells

Chloroplast www.cbs.dtu.dk/staff/dave/ roanoke/oakcell.html

Chloroplast the site of photosynthesis in eukaryotic cells disk-like structures composed of a single membrane surrounding a fluid containing stacks of membranous disks

SOLAR energy radiated from the sun is captured by plants(chloroplast) Then it is instantaneously changed into ELECTRICAL energy Then packaged as CHEMICAL energy Chloroplast http://fig.cox.miami.edu/Faculty/Dana/chloroplast1.jpg

Chloroplast No energy transformation is 100% efficient Not all the solar energy captured is converted to electrical and then chemical energy. Some of it gets lost as heat or other forms of energy (light) fig.cox.miami.edu/Faculty/ Dana/105F00_11.html

Chloroplast photosynthesis takes place inside the chloroplast the process in which plant use water, carbon dioxide, and energy form the sun to make food Photosynthesis-

Centrioles http://www.snv.jussieu.fr/bmedia/Mitose/Centri3.jpg http://www.biologia.pl/kurs/centriole_b.jpg

Centrioles: generally appear in animal cells they look like two cylinders at right angles to one another when viewed with an electron microscope, the cylinders show up as nine bundles of tiny microtubules arranged in a circle they help to form the fibers that move chromosomes around when the cell is dividing as animal cells prepare for cell division these two centrioles separate and go to opposite ends of the cell. edservices.aea7.k12.ia.us/.../ cwinstead3/centrioles.html

1- Nucleus 2- Chromosomes 7- ER 3- Mitochondria 5- Chloroplasts 8- Cell Membrane/wall 4- Ribosomes 6- Vacuoles

Exercize your brain w/ Homework Questions

Assignment Part A Directions: Write-out and highlight the following questions. Then use your notes to answer them. 1. Which organelle is known as the “Brain” of the cell? 2. If you look at a picture of a cell, how would you recognize the nucleolus? 3. List the 3 main jobs of the cell membrane 4. Explain why the cell membrane has tiny holes made of protein in it.

Assignment Part B) Directions: Write-out and highlight the following questions. Then use your notes to answer them. 1. Which organelle is known as the Power House” of the cell? 2. The mitochondria of a cell share the same job as the __________ (hint- an organ) in the human body. 3. Explain how you could distinguish the rough ER from the smooth ER. 4. What is the main job of the smooth ER? 5. What type of reactions occur on the inner membrane of the mitochondria? (produces energy)

Assignment Part C 1. What is the main function of a lysosome? Directions: Write-out and highlight the following questions. Then use your notes to answer them. 1. What is the main function of a lysosome? 2. What happens if a lysosome breaks open? 3. Explain the difference between cytoplasm and protoplasm. (draw a diagram if it will help you) 4. Why are vacuoles important to PLANTS? 5. Which organelle is the site of photosynthesis? 6. What are the three main ingredients for photosynthesis?

Assignment Part D (slides 23-) Directions: Write-out and highlight the following questions. Then use your notes to answer them. 1. Centrioles are usually found in __________ cells. 2. What is the main function of a centriole? 3. List the two places you can find a ribosome in an animal cell. 4. What do ribosomes make?

Where do cells come from? CELL THEORY With the invention of the microscope and the contributions of many scientists, a very important question was answered in the 1850’s. The question was: Where do cells come from?

There are three concepts to the cell theory… Every living thing is made up of one or more cells. Cells carry out the functions needed to support life Cells come only from other living cells

Organization CELLS make up TISSUES TISSUES make up ORGANS ORGANS make up ORGAN SYSTEMS ORGAN SYSTEMS make up ORGANISMS

Tissues are clubs of cellular organization. Cells do not operate independently. Related (specialized) cells work and operate together in organized groups making up tissues. The bottom line: Tissues are clubs of cellular organization.

Four Types of Tissues 1. Epithelial Tissue 2. Connective Tissue 3. Muscle Tissue 4. Nervous Tissue

Covers the body surface EPITHELIAL TISSUE Covers the body surface or Lines a body cavity

Epithelial Tissue Occurs at the interface of two different environments. i.e. The epidermis is between the inside and the outside of the body. Protects the body by detecting harmful stimuli. i.e. Receptors for pain are found within the skin.

CONNECTIVE TISSUE TYPES Fat, Cartilage, Bone, Blood, Collagen, Ligaments and Tendons

Connective Tissue

Functions of Connective Tissue 1. Support and bind other tissues. (tendons, ligaments) 2. Hold body fluids (ground substance). 3. Defend against infection - mast cells - macrophages - plasma cells - neutrophils 4. Store nutrients as fat.

Nerve Tissue Function Uses electrical impulses to transport information. responsible for sensing stimuli and transmitting signals to and from different parts of an organism

Types of Nervous tissue Neurons- basic unit of nervous tissue, carry nerve impulses (action) Neuroglia or glial cells- provide support and protection for neurons.  They are thus known as the "supporting cells" of the nervous system; DO NOT carry nerve impulses (action potentials)

Nervous Tissue Characteristics Some can regenerate made of many cells packed closely together, most are strongly branching.

Nervous Tissue Found in the in the brain, spinal cord and peripheral nerves that branch throughout the body

Muscle Tissue Brings about body movement, heart contraction, or movement in hollow organs. Moves by shortening.

Characteristics Electrical excitability (conductivity) - conducting electrical impulses called action potentials. Contractility - contracts and becomes shorter and thicker. This produces movement. Extensibility - Ability to extend (stretch) without being damaged Elasticity - able to return to its original shape after extension or contraction. (like rubber band)

Muscle Tissue Types 1. skeletal – attached to bones; pulls on long bones. Striated. 2. cardiac – only in the heart. 3. smooth – no visible striations. Found in walls of hollow visceral organs such as digestive system, urinary organs, blood vessels, and uterus. Mostly involuntary

Muscle tissue