The Protestant Reformation
Abuses in the Church Popes and church leaders Riches Indulgences Urged reforms
Protestant Reformation Martin Luther (1483-1546) Attacked the sale of indulgences, 1517. Attacked corruption in Catholic Church Argument reproduced with the printing press. Enthusiastic responses from average Christians. By mid-16th century, half of Germany adopted Lutheranism. Luther did not actually create Lutheranism, followers did.
Luther’s Protest Martin Luther 1517 Luther’s teachings German monk 95 theses 1521 excommunicated Luther’s teachings Salvation was achieved through faith alone Bible as truth “priesthood of all believers”
Spread of Lutheran Ideas Spread of Luther’s ideas 1530 Protestant Selfish reasons Peasants Revolt 1524 Peace of Augsburg, 1555
Protestant Reformation Reform spread outside Germany. Protestant movements popular in Swiss cities and Netherlands. Scandinavian kings liked the movement because it removed the Church as a rival. English Reformation was sparked by King Henry VII’s desire to get a divorce.
More New Ideas John Calvin Born in France Institutes of Christian Religion Salvation gained through faith, Bible true source Predestination Saints and Sinners
More about Calvin Calvin’s Geneva 1541 Spread of Calvinism Theocracy True Christian society Religious education Spread of Calvinism Calvinism spread to many areas Set off wars Led to the Dutch Reformed Church and the Scottish Presbyterian Church
English Reformation Henry VIII Annul his marriage 1534 Act of Supremacy
Radical Reformers New groups Anabaptists Baptists Quakers Mennonites Amish
Counter Reformation Council of Trent 1545 Widespread persecution Traditional view Salvation comes through faith and works Widespread persecution
Branches of Christianity
Catholic Reformation Early attempts to reform Catholic cardinals and bishops call council in early 15th century. Council of Constance deposes rival popes. Attempts to assert authority over pope Initial reforms Catholic intellectuals attack Church corruption. Emperor Sigismund attempts to reform the church in Germany.
Catholic Reformation The Council of Trent. 1545-1563 Organized to reform the Roman Catholic Church. Attacked corruption Reaffirmed traditions. Bible was valued as co-equal.
Catholic Reformation The Society of Jesus. Other wise known as “Jesuits”. Founded by Ignatius Loyola in 1540. High standards in education. Combated Protestants with logic, faith, and hard work. Became confessors and advisors to the kings. Worldwide missionaries.
Religious Conflicts and Wars. Wars were as much social and political as they were religious. Civil War in France. French Calvinists (Huguenots) and Catholic League. Monarchy often a pawn of both sides and nobles. Lasted 36 years. 1562-1598 Ended with a new dynasty in France.
Religious Conflicts and Wars. Spanish Armada War between Catholic Spain and Protestant England in 1588. Spilled over from the conflict in the Netherlands. Questions of the heir to the English throne. Catholic Scottish Queen or Protestant Elizabeth.
Religious Conflicts and Wars Protestant provinces of the Netherlands revolted against the rule of Catholic Spain. Originally began as a revolt of all the Netherlands against Spain. Eventually split the country into Catholic south (Belgium) and Protestant north (Holland). Scottish Presbyterians revolt. Expelled the Catholic Queen with England’s secret assistance. Raised her kidnapped son as a Presbyterian.
Religious Conflicts and Wars The Thirty Years’ War 1618-1648 Most destructive European war up until World War I. Began as a local conflict in Bohemia. Eventually involved most of Europe. Devastated the Holy Roman Empire Mainly the German states. Lost 1/3 of the population. The rise of Sweden and the Hapsburgs as a great powers. Lowering Spain’s power. Independence for Holland and Switzerland. German was no longer “holy”, “Roman”, or an “empire”.
New Religious Map