Major animal diseases around the world and prevalence Julio Pinto Deputy Head Animal Health Information Department OIE (World Organisation for Animal Health) Comments (with copyright) / Commentaires (soumis au Copyright) : September 22, 2005, Vancouver (Canada) IDF World Dairy Summit

CONTENTS OIE Objectives World Animal Health Information System OIE Listed Diseases: Transboundary animal diseases (FMD) Important diseases from a public health perspective (Brucellosis, BSE and Tuberculosis) Economic cattle diseases (IBR, BVD and Leucosis) New World Animal Health Information System: Early Warning System and Monitoring Transoundary animal diseases: FMD, RP, etc.. (National and International interest) Production diseases: National and producers interest (zoonoses, loss of production or restrictions on products to international markets (semen, embrions, etc..)

OIE OBJECTIVES Transparency Scientific information To ensure transparency in the worldwide animal health and zoonoses situation Sanitary country status recognition Scientific information 3. International Solidarity Sanitary safety of world trade of animals and products Promotion of Veterinary Services Food safety and Animal welfare Importance of transparency for the knowledge of the animal health situation world wide and disease status recognition: FMD-CBPP-BSE-RINDERPEST. For other diseases to follow the recommendations Terrestrial Animal Health Code.

OIE Animal Health Information System New WAHIS

(always considering “worst case” scenario) OIE-List of Diseases Basic Criteria (always considering “worst case” scenario) Parameters (at least one “yes” answer means that the criterion has been met) International Spread Has international spread been proven on three or more occasions? OR Are more than three countries with populations of susceptible animals free of the disease or facing impending freedom (based on Code provisions, especially Article 3.8.1)? OR Do OIE annual reports indicate that a significant number of countries with susceptible populations have reported absence of the disease for several consecutive years? Significant Spread within Naïve Populations Does the disease exhibit significant mortality at the level of a country or compartment? AND/OR Does the disease exhibit significant morbidity at the level of a country or compartment? Zoonotic Potential Has transmission to humans been proven? (with the exception of artificial circumstances) AND Is human infection associated with severe consequences? (death or prolonged illness) Emerging Diseases (A newly recognised pathogen or known pathogen behaving differently) Is there rapid spread with morbidity/mortality and/or apparent zoonotic properties? Criteria to include an animal disease into the OIE list

OIE-List of Diseases Multiple species diseases Anthrax Aujeszky's disease Bluetongue Brucellosis (Brucella abortus) Brucellosis (Brucella melitensis) Brucellosis (Brucella suis) Crimean Congo haemorrhagic fever Echinococcosis/hydatidosis Foot and mouth disease Heartwater Japanese encephalitis Leptospirosis New world screwworm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) Old world screwworm (Chrysomya bezziana) Paratuberculosis Q fever Rabies Rift Valley fever Rinderpest Tularemia Vesicular stomatitis West Nile fever. OIE List of multiple species: some of them affect cattle. From next year for instance brucellosis is split into three new diseases (agent involved)

OIE-List of Diseases Cattle diseases Bovine anaplasmosis Bovine babesiosis Bovine genital campylobacteriosis Bovine spongiform encephalopathy Bovine tuberculosis Bovine viral diarrhoea Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia. Enzootic bovine leukosis Haemorrhagic septicaemia Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis/infectious pustular vulvovaginitis Lumpy skin disease Malignant catarrhal fever Theileriosis Trichomonosis Trypanosomosis (tsetse-transmitted). Cattle disaseses: New disease since 2005, BVD

FOOT AND MOUTH DISEASE Endemic in some areas of Asia, Africa, the Middle East and South America OIE official recognition procedures (country and zones) 2004-2005: Significant epidemiological events Brazil (serotype C) Russia, China and Myanmar (serotype Asia 1) Highly contagious diseases, last crisis in UK and worldwide distribution. Detection of serotype C in Brazil and Asia 1 in China and Russia are important epidemiological events in 2004-2005

FOOT AND MOUTH DISEASE Risk for free countries and free zones from endemic areas: Southamerica-Asia and Africa

BOVINE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY Cattle disease One case in goats in France in 2004 Imported cattle in Falkland islands, Oman and Canada before first indigenous case Prevalence/Incidence OIE official recognition procedures BSE cases since 1987 in UK and then spread to other countries through imported infected animals or contaminated meat and bone meal. The incidence has decreased mainly in UK and active surveillance has been introduced especially in Europe since 1990. Case of BSE in goats OIE recommendations for surveillance of BSE (Code) and official procedure (Only 4 countries have been declared provisionally free (Singapour, Argentina, Uruguay and Iceland)

OIE dispose of specific information for BSE: Incidence of cases

BOVINE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY High proportion of cases come from UK however when a case appeared in another country the impact is very high (high sensitivity to public health and consumer confidence)

BOVINE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY Ireland, Portugal, France, Spain and Switzerland New countries affected: USA

BOVINE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY The incidence in UK, the main country affected has been reduced notably: ban of feed ruminants, elimination of SRM from abattoirs and active surveillance. The average age of cases is over 8 years.

BOVINE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY Also in other countries affected there is a trend of reduction in the incidence per million of bovines aged over 24 months (animals at risk)

BOVINE BRUCELLOSIS Worldwide distribution Well controlled in some developed countries (private financing) In cattle, abortions, stillbirths, etc.. Worldwide distribution, reliable information from countries with a good surveillance system (public and private collaboration)

WORLD DISTRIBUTION OF BOVINE BRUCELLOSIS IN 2004

BOVINE BRUCELLOSIS Widely distributed Zoonoses Free countries Incidence/Prevalence in endemic countries

BOVINE TUBERCULOSIS Mycobacterium bovis Zoonoses Role of wildlife as reservoir Zoonoses, public health importance and eradication is difficult for the presence of natural reservoirs (Ireland (Badger), New Zealand (possum and ferrets), other regions (wildlife?)

DISTRIBUTION OF BOVINE TUBERCULOSIS IN 2004

ECONOMIC DISEASES OF CATTLE Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis Bovine virus diarrhoea/Mucosal disease (new OIE listed disease) Enzootic bovine leukosis Non OIE official recognition procedures Diseases with an impact on production: milk production Private interest: losses and restrictions in international markets (exports)

INFECTIOUS BOVINE RHINOTRACHEITIS Bovine herpesvirus (BHV 1) Cattle World wide distribution

INFECTIOUS BOVINE RHINOTRACHEITIS DISTRIBUTION OF INFECTIOUS BOVINE RHINOTRACHEITIS IN 2004

ENZOOTIC BOVINE LEUKOSIS Subclinical infection 30-70% of the infected cattle develop lymphocitosis and only 0,1-10% develop tumours

ENZOOTIC BOVINE LEUKOSIS WORLD DISTRIBUTION OF ENZOOTIC BOVINE LEUKOSIS IN 2004

BOVINE VIRUS DIARRHOEA New OIE listed disease in 2005 Endemic in several countries Incidence/Prevalence BVD virus prevalence has been reduced in Scandinavian countries from 40% to <1% in 11 years

BOVINE VIRUS DIARRHOEA DISTRIBUTION OF BOVINE VIRUS DIARRHOEA (BVD) IN 2004

FINAL REMARKS Huge importance of animal diseases in international trade Huge importance of international standards for trade and surveillance to avoid animal disease crisis Huge importance of the preparedness of comunnication with media High quality veterinary surveillance including early detection and rapid response is essential to minimize and manage sanitary risks OIE is working with 167 Member Countries and increasing the capabilities of national veterinary services we will increase the quality of animal disease control strategies at national/regional level

FINAL REMARKS Diseases of National/Regional interest (Tuberculosis, Brucellosis) Diseases of National/International interest (FMD, BSE) Cooperation of veterinary services and private sector is key to improve the prevention, control and eradication of animal diseases (financing and the role of private practitioners) Veterinary and Medical Services alliance for Public Veterinary Health (BSE, Brucellosis and Tuberculosis) Control and eradication of animal diseases increase the health and welfare of animal population, the safety of international trade and confidence of consumers. OIE is working with 167 Member Countries and increasing the capabilities of national veterinary services we will increase the quality of animal disease control strategies at national/regional level