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The New Deal

FDR overwhelmingly elected 1932 Campaign song: “Happy days are here again”; promised a “new deal” for Americans (fed gov’t aid) 1933-35 = 1st New Deal; Congress passed 15 bills in 100 days with aims of relief, recovery, & reform

Relief = immediate aid = money & materials for the unemployed; put people back to work (FERA, AAA, CCC) Recovery = turn things around = help industrial & agricultural economy Reform = laws prevent future problems (TVA)

Success of New Deal: Republican & Democratic cooperation; FDR sought advice from his “brain trust” (intellectuals & Cabinet); FDR radio broadcasts to explain programs to the people (Fireside Chats)– made him seem more personable to the public

Critics of the New Deal: Af Ams believed FDR too concerned w/votes from white southern Dems slow & cautious change angered minorities (civil rights better, but not great, for African Americans, Native Americans, & women) Interfering too much or too little in people’s lives American Liberty League: big business concerned w/FDR’s “socialist” leanings; wanted gov’t out of private enterprise Farm program critics: threw away food that could feed poor; poor & tenant farmers not eligible for federal subsidies

Townsend, Long, Coughlin, & Union Party: Francis Townsend organized elderly people in CA to advocate an old-age pension plan Huey Long (LA) thought FDR was being used by wealthy businessmen/banks; “Share Our Wealth” to redistribute tax $ from inheritance & incomes over $1m Father Coughlin: persuaded his 30m radio listeners that FDR was on the side of big business (formed Union Party w/Long’s successor-Gerald Smith)

Eleanor Roosevelt = active first lady people felt connected to the White House because of her work for charitable causes 1936-39 = 2nd New Deal = expanded relief, aided farmers & workers, and provided for further economic reforms conservative judges on the Supreme Court opposed New Deal social laws, FDR tried to “pack the court” by increasing the number of justices Offended Congress, Court, Dem Party, & Am public, so failed to change # & faced greater congressional opposition to additional New Deal laws

Legacy of the New Deal Reshaped role of presidency (power) Role of federal gov’t grew dramatically in Americans’ lives (welfare state to care for the needy) Ushered women into more influential roles in gov’t

Did it work? Partially effective in restoring Am’s economic health Unemployment down, but still high GNP up slightly Federal debt increased dramatically Only WWII got U.S. economy booming again (war production) Success: FDR’s optimism & bold activism to solve problem commanded respect