EARLY LATIN AMERICA Chapter 19 c. 1500…before conquest

Spain & Portuguese Explorations F – ________________ G – ________________ A – ________________ B – ________________ C – ________________ D – ________________

Spain & Portuguese Explorations E – Portugal F – Cortez…Spain G – Magellan…Spain A – Dias…Portugal B – Pizarro…Spain C – da Gama…Portugal D – Cabral…Portugal

I. Spain and Portugal A. Iberian Peninsula 1. Zone of cultural contact a. Arab Muslims invade in 8th century b. Long multicultural period 2. Reconquest (Reconquista) a. Small Christian states move toward unification b. 1492 – Last Muslim kingdom falls at Granada c. Jews expelled from Castile

B. Ways of Life…Iberian Style 1. Features a. Strongly urbanized b. People coming to the New World sought to raise their social status…desired to own land c. Encomiendas (large estates worked by Indians) --Maintained a heavily patriarchal culture d. Centralized, professional governments, as in Iberia e. Government had close ties to the Roman Catholic Church

f. Iberian Slavery came to the New World, mainly from Portugal The merchants of Portugal and Spain had extensive experience with the slave trade and plantation agriculture on the earlier colonized Atlantic islands.

Professional Bureaucrats D. The Caribbean Model of Colonization 1. Spanish actions in Latin America based on this system Establish Colonies Cities Formed Form Encomiendas Grid System Indians as Laborers Central Plazas Diseases decimate Professional Bureaucrats

Marks a shift from conquest to settlement! 2. New People in Latin American Society a. African slaves, Spanish women come to the Americas; beginning of a new society b. Ranches and sugar plantations replace gold-searching 3. Church begins to build cathedrals and universities 4. Bartolomé de las Casas a. Opposes abuses of Indians

E. How the Conquests Happened 1. Conquests were not together…series of individual explorations 2. Mexico (1519) a. Cortés attacks Aztecs b. Tenochtitlan captured c. Moctezuma II killed d. By 1535, central Mexico under Spain --Kingdom of New Spain Aztecs surrender to Cortes

3. Inca a. Inca weakened by civil war b. Francisco Pizarro begins conquest (1532) c. Capital city of Cuzco falls in 1533 d. Spaniards build new capital at Lima e. By 1540 Peru was under Spanish control

a. Francisco Vázquez de Coronado --Exploration in the 1540s 5. Chile 4. American Southwest a. Francisco Vázquez de Coronado --Exploration in the 1540s 5. Chile a. Pedro de Valdivia --Conquers central Chile --1541, founds Santiago Francisco Coronado Pedro de Valdivia

F. Who were the conquerors? 1. Were regulated by contracts between the crown and the leaders of expeditions…followers get booty 2. Were not professional soldiers, wanted glory & fortune…the “three G’s – God, Gold, Glory” 3. Felt entitled to dominate Indian peasantry 4. They triumphed because of horses, weapons, ruthless leadership, and disease 5. By the late 1500’s this period of conquest was drawing to a close

G. Justification of Conquests???? HOW?, WHY? 1. Indians were not fully human…could and should be controlled. 2. Conversion to Christianity had to be done…even if it was forced conversion. 3. Again, the work of Father Bartolomé de las Casas helps the cause of the Indians. a. Was really too late; Indian society had suffered irreparable damage.

Populations decline drastically; Indians are moved to towns and their II. How American Societies Changed A. Using the Indians 1. Encomiendas – Land grants to conquerors a. Natives used as labor and tax source…adds to decline of native populations b. This system was modified by the crown, fearing a threat…was essentially gone by the early 1600s 2. Mita…Native system of forced labor…replaces the encomienda system a. Natives used for state projects…especially mines 3. Enslavement prohibited by the mid 1500s Populations decline drastically; Indians are moved to towns and their lands are seized. Population of New Spain (Mexico)

Large urban areas grew around these mines!!!! III. Colonial Politics…Colonial Economics A. Silver Mining…by the mid 1500s in Mexico and Peru 1. Potosí, Bolivia was the largest 2. Zacatecas, Mexico 3. Demand for other goods by mines an miners helped the overall economy Most people work in agriculture and ranching; mining was the most important. The economy was centered around the exchange of new world metals, especially silver, in return for European manufactured goods. This made Latin America a dependent part of the world economic system. Large urban areas grew around these mines!!!!

Treasures from the Americas

B. Haciendas…Spanish agricultural estates 1. Produce for domestic use…almost no exports 2. Give rise to local aristocracy 3. Basically made Latin America self-sufficient

C. Business 1. Sheep raising led to the formation of a textile industry 2. Silver trade was the king 3. All trade was reserved only for Spaniards 4. Convoys cross Atlantic protected by galleons…ships with very heavy armament 5. Much of the silver imported by Spain left the country…this led to an increased level of inflation all across Europe

D. Governing a “New World” Empire 1. Spanish Empire a. King at top…ruled through the council of Indies b. Viceroyalties…Mexico City, Lima --Leaders had extensive powers c. Clergy --Religious and secular functions; converted Indians, usually supported government actions military, legislative & judicial powers The Church played a vital role in almost all areas of colonial life! Spaniards used upper class Indians to serve administrative purposes!

A. 1500, Pedro Alvares Cabral…was searching for route to India Economy based almost totally on Sugar plantations IV. Brazil A. 1500, Pedro Alvares Cabral…was searching for route to India 1. Original interest in Brazil was due to dyewood trees…eventually land grants led to sugar plantations. 2. Port cities begin to develop to serve the sugar industry.

Slaves working in a Brazilian sugar mill! B. Slavery 1. Sugar was extremely labor intensive 2. Brazil became the first “plantation colony” Slaves working in a Brazilian sugar mill!

b. Government controls production C. Brazil's Gold 1. Trouble in paradise a. The Dutch, English, & French found sugar plantations in the Caribbean --As a result, the price of sugar drops, and slaves become more expensive 2. Gold to the Rescue a. Explorers into interior discover gold…new settlements were quickly formed…slaves worked the mines b. Government controls production c. Gold & diamonds open interior to settlement --devastates Indian populations --weakens coastal agriculture Minas Gerais

3. Rio de Janeiro develops due to its proximity to the. mines 3. Rio de Janeiro develops due to its proximity to the mines...eventually becomes a major port & the capital

V. Multiracial Societies A. Castas…mixed races of Indian, European and African descent 1. By 1700s these are a major segment of the population B. The Colonial Caste System 1. Miscengenation…mixing of the races, especially a white with another race…was the key to the development of society a. Social distinctions were based on race AND place of birth 2. Sexual exploitation of Indian women was common a. Society was still patriarchal…upper class women were confined to home…some lower class women worked

The Colonial Class System Peninsulares Spaniards born in Spain Creoles Spaniards born in the New World Mestizos Mulattos Mixed blood – European and Indian Mixed blood – Slave and European Native Indians Black Slaves

VI. Changes During the 18th Century A. Spanish Decline 3. Creoles dominate local economy, strong sense of identity…will eventually help with independence movements VI. Changes During the 18th Century A. Spanish Decline 1. Poor rulers, foreign wars, internal strife 2. Conflict with France, England, Holland a. Lost Caribbean islands 3. Silver imports drop 4. Colonies more self-sufficient B. 1701-1713, War of the Spanish Succession…Bourbons victorious…opens the colonies to some foreign trade Both the Spanish and Portuguese Empires survived the intellectual movements in Europe, however, the seeds of their demise had been planted.

C. Changes to the Bourbon Monarchy – take power after the C. Changes to the Bourbon Monarchy – take power after the war of Spanish succession 1. Charles III (1759­1788) – Bourbon Reforms a. New dynasty strengthens Spain b. Jesuits expelled from Spain, empire, 1767 --Church remains an ally c. Taxation reformed d. Ports open e. America - new viceroyalties created 2. General reforms a. Creoles lose high office…more efficient government

2. Reforms had disrupted old power patterns…the led to rebellions E. Changes Lead to ?????????? 1. By the mid-18th century the Iberian colonies in America shared world growth in the economy, population and productive capacity 2. Reforms had disrupted old power patterns…the led to rebellions a. New Granada…Comunero Revolt, 1781 b. Peruvian Indians…Tupac Amaru Rebellions demonstrate increased local dissatisfaction with imperial policies Most rebellions failed because most racial and social groups refused to work together against the colonial governments