By David Rach with Eric C. Atkinson

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Presentation transcript:

By David Rach with Eric C. Atkinson Morphological characteristics follow the mtDNA sequence of evolutionary descent within the family Calcariidae. By David Rach with Eric C. Atkinson

So what is a Calcariidae???

Calcariidae Family of sexually dimorphic, sparrow-like passerines that inhabit shrub steppe habitats of North America

Calcariidae Family of sexually dimorphic, sparrow-like passerines that inhabit shrub steppe habitats of North America Arose 4.2-6.5 mya during a Miocene period of accelerated drying and cooling. 6 Species, 4 of which are found in Wyoming

In Wyoming during the Summer Chestnut-collared Longspur (Calcarius ornatus) CCLO McCown’s Longspur (Rynchophanes mccownii) MCLO

In Wyoming during the Winter Snow Bunting (Plectrophenax nivalis) SNBU Lapland Longspur (Calcarius lapponicus) LALO

Not found in Wyoming Smith’s Longspur (Calcarius pictus) SMLO McKay’s Bunting Plectrophenax hyperboreus MKBU

McCown’s Longspur Female Male

Previously Believed Calcariidae Longspurs Buntings CCLO SMLO MCLO LALO SNBU MKBU

Currently Believed Calcariidae Calcarius Rynchophanes Plectrophenax CCLO SMLO LALO MCLO SNBU MKBU

Purpose of Study: Avian Taxonomy Does the Morphology follow the DNA? Trait that distinguishes between the two sub-clades?

Identifying and Cataloging

Museum Specimens

Methods

Measurements Wing Chord (natural) Tail Length Tarsus (Leg) Length Hallux (Toe Nail) Length

Measurements Exposed Culmen Bill Length Bill Depth Bill Width

Statistics: Principal Component Analysis (PCA) Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) Agglomerative Hierarchical Clustering (AHC)

Results The PCA took the raw data variability and represented it as a reduced set of components. First Factor encapsulated variability of approximately 3.6 original variables, The second factor represented nearly 1.5 variables.

F1 Factor Category LS means Groups SNBU 1.738 A MKBU 1.219 LALO -0.192 MKBU 1.219 LALO -0.192 B MCLO -0.404 SMLO -1.515 C CCLO -3.557 D

F2 Factor Category LS means Groups LALO 1.000 A SMLO 0.275 B SNBU SMLO 0.275 B SNBU 0.041 C MKBU -0.259 D CCLO -0.739 MCLO -3.156 E

CCLO SMLO LALO MCLO MKBU SNBU

Conclusion The F1 Factor correlates with overall body size, with Arctic birds being larger than prairie birds. F2 Factor correlates with Hallux Length inversely tied Bill measurements, and when plotted mimics the mtDNA sequence.

Snow Bunting and McKay’s Bunting Additionally found that there is no significant morphological difference between Snow Bunting and McKay Bunting.

Acknowledgements I would like to thank: E. Atkinson, J. Campbell, R. Hitchcock, R. Dechert, among with many others for their help and support over the course of the project. Dr. Kevin Winker, University of Alaska – Fairbanks and Dr. Jay Rotella, Montana State University – Bozeman for lending us the specimens that were used in the course of the project. Brian E. Small, Gerrit Vyn, Kevin Karlson, Dr. Brendel and Daniel Baney for the use of the images. And the many friends and coworkers who have helped me work out problems over the last year.