States of the Glottis

Ejectives [p’, t’, k’, ʧ’] Are always voiceless Are found here Athabaskan, Caucasus, Quechua, Ethiopia

Implosives [ɓ, ɗ, ɠ] Found in Vietnamese, Mayan, American English

Creaky voice Also called glottalized or larygealized vowels [V̰] Think Kardashian

Creaky voice Also called glottalized or larygealized vowels [V̰] Think Kardashian Is contrastive in some languages Mazatec Burmese Vietnamese

Aspirated Consonants [ph, th,kh,ʧh] In English they are not contrastive In Thai and Korean they are contrastive

Aspirated Consonants Voiced aspirated consonants Called breathy or murmured [bɦ, dɦ, gɦ] Occur in Hindi, Bengali

Breathy Vowels [V̤] Occur in some native languages of Mexico

Is Aspiration contrastive? Y diagram for aspirated and unaspirated stops

Is Aspiration contrastive? Y diagram for aspirated and unaspirated stops [p, t, k] appear end of syllable [ph, th,kh] appear elsewhere

What stop phonemes exist? Do Y diagram for all stops

What does this show? [p] and [ph] belong to different phonemes [th] and [t] belong to diff. Phon. [p] and [t] . . . [t] and [d] . . . etc. p ph t th k kh b d i o a # e

What does this show? [p], [ph], [th], [b], [d] belong to different phonemes p ph t th k kh b d i o a # e

What labial phonemes exist? Do Y diagram for [b, w, β]

What does this show? b w β i o # a e

What does this show? [b] and [w] belong to separate phonemes b w β i o # a e

What does this show? b w β i o # a e

What does this show? [β] and [b] may belong to different phonemes b w # a e

What does this show? b w β i o # a e

What does this show? [β] and [w] are in complementary distribution b w # a e

What does this show? [β] and [w] are in complementary distribution /b/--[b] /β/--[β] elsewhere \ [w] before [a] b w β i o # a e

Length Consonant length=gemination

Length Consonant length=gemination Vowel length not usually called gemination

Length Length (duration) can be contrastive or non-contrastive

Length Length (duration) can be contrastive or non-contrastive Spanish Stressed vowels are longer [lé:ma] But [léma] [lé:ma] don’t contrast

Length Length (duration) can be contrastive or non-contrastive English Vowels longer before voiced obstruents [pæ:d] [pæt]

Length Is it stress or contrastive length? If length follows stress it is non- contrastive Spanish [depó:sito] [deposí:to] [depositó:]

Length Is it stress or contrastive length? If length doesn’t follow stress it is contrastive Hypothetical [de:pósito] [depósi:to] [depósito:]

Short and Long Vowels in English What were you told were short and long vowels in English?

Short and Long Vowels in English What were you told were short and long vowels in English?

Short and Long Vowels in English There is nothing “long” about long vowels

Short and Long Vowels in English Idea held over from Middle English that had real long vowels

Short and Long Vowels in English Idea held over from Middle English that had real long vowels They different in quality too Short V word Long V Modern Long V ɪ bit i: bite aɪ ɛ bet e: meet i a hot a: mate eɪ ʊ full u: house aʊ ɔ law o: boot u ɔ: boat oʊ

Short and Long Vowels in English They were long and short 500 years ago, now they have different quality Short V word Long V Modern Long V ɪ bit i: bite aɪ ɛ bet e: meet i a hot a: mate eɪ ʊ full u: house aʊ ɔ law o: boot u ɔ: boat oʊ

Geminate consonants False geminates Sequences of same C across words

Geminate consonants False geminates Sequences of same C across words White teeth Fish shop Phone name

Geminate consonants False geminates Sequences of same C across morphemes unnamed

Geminate consonants Real geminates Japanese Kita-arrive Kitta-cut

Geminate consonants Real geminates Japanese Kita-arrive Kitta-cut Norwegian Lete-search Lette-take off

Geminate consonants Real geminates Punjabi Des-tell Des:-tell

Are Spanish geminates real or false? Innato innate

Are Spanish geminates real or false? Innato innate Comes from in+nato

Are Spanish geminates real or false? Innato innate Comes from in+nato Jiennense from Jaen Comes from Jaen+nense

Are Spanish geminates real or false? Innato innate Comes from in+nato Jiennense from Jaen Comes from Jaen+nense Perro vs. pero (dog vs. but) Trill vs. tap

Are Spanish geminates real or false? Innato innate Comes from in+nato Jiennense from Jaen Comes from Jaen+nense Perro vs. pero (dog vs. but) Trill vs. tap Lots of dialects don’t trill

Are Spanish geminates real or false? Pug:a < pulga ‘flea’ Puga ‘proper name’ At:o < apto ‘appropriate’ Ato ‘I tie’

Are Spanish geminates real or false? Pug:a < pulga ‘flea’ Puga ‘proper name’ At:o < apto ‘appropriate’ Ato ‘I tie’ Not all dialects assimilate in this way

Formal representation of geminates