Green iguana nephrology: A review of diagnostic techniques Stephen J. Hernandez-Divers, BVetMed, DZooMed, MRCVS  Veterinary Clinics: Exotic Animal Practice  Volume 6, Issue 1, Pages 233-250 (January 2003) DOI: 10.1016/S1094-9194(02)00025-7

Fig. 1 Clinical signs of renal disease in the green iguana (Iguana iguana). (A) Caudal coelomic masses (arrows) due to enlarged kidneys protruding from their normal intrapelvic location. (B) Buccal examination revealing pharyngeal edema (arrow) due to hypoproteinemia, secondary to a protein-losing nephropathy. (Courtesy of Stephen J Hernandez-Divers, University of Georgia.) Veterinary Clinics: Exotic Animal Practice 2003 6, 233-250DOI: (10.1016/S1094-9194(02)00025-7)

Fig. 2 Digital cloacal palpation in a sedated adult iguana (Iguana iguana) is a useful technique for evaluating the size and contours of the intrapelvic kidneys. (Insert) Dissection of the iguanid pelvic region. The ventral abdominal wall and pelvis have been removed to demonstrate the position of the intrapelvic kidneys. (Courtesy of Stephen J Hernandez-Divers, University of Georgia.) Veterinary Clinics: Exotic Animal Practice 2003 6, 233-250DOI: (10.1016/S1094-9194(02)00025-7)

Fig. 3 Horizontal beam, lateral radiographs of two different green iguanas (Iguana iguana) with renomegaly. A – plain radiograph illustrating an increase in soft tissue density in the caudodorsal coelom (arrows), suggestive of renomegaly. (B) Contrast radiograph (intravenous urogram using iohexol) demonstrating renomegaly. (Courtesy of Stephen J Hernandez-Divers, University of Georgia.) Veterinary Clinics: Exotic Animal Practice 2003 6, 233-250DOI: (10.1016/S1094-9194(02)00025-7)

Fig. 4 Dorsoventral radiograph of a 4-year-old female iguana with a distended colon (DC) due to bilateral enlarged kidneys and a left renal cyst (C). Contrast medium was injected into the cyst under ultrasound guidance. There was some subcapsular leakage of the contrast medium. (Courtesy of Nico J. Schoemaker, Utrecht University.) Veterinary Clinics: Exotic Animal Practice 2003 6, 233-250DOI: (10.1016/S1094-9194(02)00025-7)

Fig. 5 Ultrasonogram of a green iguana (Iguana iguana) with bilateral renal enlargement. Note the left (L) and right (R) kidneys lying ventrolateral to the spine (S), and dorsal to the bladder. The intrarenal veins can also be identified (arrows). (Courtesy of Stephen J Hernandez-Divers, University of Georgia.) Veterinary Clinics: Exotic Animal Practice 2003 6, 233-250DOI: (10.1016/S1094-9194(02)00025-7)

Fig. 6 Unilateral renal biopsy in a green iguana (Iguana iguana) using a cranial tail cut-down technique. Note the exposed renal parenchyma. Insert indicates general surgical area. (Courtesy of Stephen J Hernandez-Divers, University of Georgia.) Veterinary Clinics: Exotic Animal Practice 2003 6, 233-250DOI: (10.1016/S1094-9194(02)00025-7)

Fig. 7 Coeliotomy and biopsy of an enlarged kidney in a green iguana (Iguana iguana). (Courtesy of Stephen J Hernandez-Divers, University of Georgia.) Veterinary Clinics: Exotic Animal Practice 2003 6, 233-250DOI: (10.1016/S1094-9194(02)00025-7)

Fig. 8 Endoscopic examination and renal biopsy in a green iguana (Iguana iguana) using a 2.7-mm Karl Storz telescope and 5 Fr biopsy instrument (Karl Storz Veterinary Endoscopy America Inc, Goleta, CA 93117). (A) Coelioscopic evaluation of an enlarged kidney in a green iguana (Iguana iguana). (B) The renal capsule is breached using biopsy forceps (or scissors) to permit exposure of the renal parenchyma. (C) Collection of renal tissue using biopsy forceps. (D) View of the biopsy site demonstrating a small blood clot. (Courtesy of Stephen J Hernandez-Divers, University of Georgia.) Veterinary Clinics: Exotic Animal Practice 2003 6, 233-250DOI: (10.1016/S1094-9194(02)00025-7)