PowerPoint Image Slideshow Psychology Chapter 11 PERSONALITY PowerPoint Image Slideshow

Lemme set you up on a blind date… Personality: unique & enduring way a person thinks, feels and behaves. Hippocrates and Galen start with “humors” Gall promotes phrenology (pseudoscience) and Wundt arranges temperaments in a model Other major theories include: Freudian and/or Psychodynamic Behaviorist and Biological Humanistic and Evolutionary Traits and Cultural perspectives

FIGURE 11.4 Developed from Galen’s theory of the four temperaments, Kant proposed trait words to describe each temperament. Wundt later suggested the arrangement of the traits on two major axes.

Freud did the 1st comprehensive theory First, consider the era, and Freud’s notions about the conscious /unconscious mind. 3 Parts 1. Id: completely unconscious, driven by the Pleasure Principle. We are born with this. 2. Ego: rational, logical, works via the Reality Principle, mostly conscious. 3. Superego: conscience or moral center, works based on rules, customs & expectations. Conflicts and anxiety are created when the Superego restricts the impulses of the Id. Ego sorts things out. If it fails, this leads to neurosis.

FIGURE 11.5 Freud believed that we are only aware of a small amount of our mind’s activities and that most of it remains hidden from us in our unconscious. The information in our unconscious affects our behavior, although we are unaware of it.

FIGURE 11.6 The job of the ego is to balance the aggressive/pleasure-seeking drives of the id with the moral control of the superego. Id driven people would often be narcissistic and impulsive.

Freud’s personality formation stages Oral (birth to 1 year old) Feeding for pleasure Anal (1 to 3 years old) Toilet Training Phallic (3 to 6 years old) Oedipal & Electra Latency (6 years old to puberty) Outside pursuits Genital (from puberty on) Mature sex interests Problems at any stage may interfere with moving on (Fixation). We need to learn to use defense mechanisms (denial, repression, etc). Kid’s sex drives focus on getting pleasure from their bodies. Folks who followed Freud expanded and revised some of these ideas; are called Neo Freudians

Issues with Freud & the Psychodynamics? Adler focuses on striving for superiority, the birth order effect, and social connections Erikson says our personality develops based on social relationships, and continues over lifetime Jung: introvert/extrovert, collective unconscious: Included archetypes and the persona. Karen Horney: basic anxiety, womb envy, and moving toward, against, or away from people Issues with Freud & the Psychodynamics? Support for unconscious processes, early childhood development, and assorted defense mechanisms. Not much for childhood sexuality.

What do the Behaviorists Think? Skinner says personality is learned habits, formed based on conditioning (reinforcement) The Social Cognitive View includes things like expectancies and observational learning Bandura’s Reciprocal Determinism: behavior, environment and cognitive factors all interact. The goal here is self efficacy. Rotter says we need to consider situational factors and internal / external locus of control Mischel and the “person – situation debate”. He demonstrates enduring effects of self regulation in children (Marshmallow Study)

FIGURE 11.10 Bandura proposed the idea of reciprocal determinism: Our behavior, cognitive processes, and situational context all influence each other. Behavioral approaches offer the advantage of being scientifically testable.

How about Humanism? The 3rd Force! We chatted before about Maslow’s hierarchy (pyramid) and self actualization. Carl Rogers focused on the real and ideal selves, and how well they are aligned (or not). With parental unconditional + regard we can helps kids become fully functioning people. What about the Biological Approach? Genes, Behavioral Genetics and Heritability factors Sheldon proposes body types. The Eysencks suggest 2 dimensions: extroversion/introversion & neuroticism/stability

FIGURE 11.12 Sheldon proposed three somatotypes: endomorphs, mesomorphs, and ectomorphs. Do you think Sheldon’s ideas about somatotypes are generally accurate about most people?

What about those Trait Theories? A trait is a specific, consistent way of thinking, feeling or behaving. Allport identified cardinal, central & secondary traits. We all inherit a unique mix of them. Cattell distinguishes Source and Surface traits and suggests ranges with the 16 P.F. Costa & McCrae propose the Big Five Factor Model: Openness, Conscientousness, Extraversion, Agreeability, and Neuroticism (OCEAN) What about Cultural Influences? Collectivist and Individualist cultures: Selective migration? Cultural comparative, indigenous & combined approaches.

In the Five Factor Model, each person has five traits, each scored on a continuum from high to low. In the center column, notice that the first letter of each trait spells the mnemonic OCEAN.

Where does personality come from? According to Behavioral Genetics, our genes are a potent influence (heritability about 50%). The rest must be from environmental factors How can we measure / assess personality? Self Report Inventories: Standardized multiple choice questions. MMPI helps us uncover a clinical profile. Issues? Validity: Self reports may be lies so we’ve got built in ‘lie’ scales. Reliability scales can help too.

FIGURE 11.17 If you’ve ever taken a survey, you are probably familiar with Likert-type scale questions. Most personality inventories employ these types of response scales.

Is there another option? Projective Tests: Use ambiguous stimuli. The Rorschach Ink Blots look like what? What’s the story with the Thematic Apperception Test? And let’s not forget the Rotter Incomplete Sentence Blank. We like this one because... For diverse cultural or ethnic groups we’ve made specialized personality assessments, like the Comtemporized-Themes Concerning Blacks Test And the TEMAS Multicultural Thematic Apperception Test. Problems? Can be subjective, and also may have issues with reliability and validity

These incomplete sentences resemble the types of questions on the RISB These incomplete sentences resemble the types of questions on the RISB. How would you complete these sentences? This OpenStax ancillary resource is © Rice University under a CC-BY 4.0 International license; it has been reproduced & modified, but must be attributed to OpenStax, Rice University. Any unspecified modifications were carried out by Neil Walker.