Chapter 11: The American Civil War

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Presentation transcript:

Chapter 11: The American Civil War The Constitution in Jeopardy (1861—1865)

I. Comparison of the North and South North (Union) Population *22 m v. 9 m Industry *Textiles, iron, steel, guns Railroads *2x as many as South Capital: $ Army & Navy Functioning Govt South (Confederacy) Defensive War *Own terrain, property Military Leaders *Jackson, Lee Soldiers Foreign Friends * Britain & France

II. Lincoln and the Constitutional Issues of War Clash of the War Powers Article 1, Section 8 vs. Art II, Sec 2 Expansion of Presidential Powers *Outline: Oath to defend… Army volunteers w/o Congressional Approval Ordered Blockade of Southern ports Suspension Writ of Habeas Corpus in MD Kentucky Under Martial Law Suspended Freedom of Press/ Speech

III. A New Type of War Rifles/ Shells 1. Replaced musket as standard army weapon 2. Longer range, more accurate 3. Shells: explode on impact (v. cannon balls) 4. New weapons + old strategies = bloodbath

III. A New Type of War Railroads 1. Life line for supplies: troops, ammunition, etc 2. More mobility/ flexibility 3. Also able to cut War of Attrition 1. “Total War”: one side inflicts continuous losses to wear down its strength… civilians too 2. North: waged successful w of a against South

IV. Military Aspects of the War Northern Strategies Anaconda Plan * Blockade Control Miss. R * Split South 3. Seize Richmond Southern Strategies Defensive War * Repel N. advances Win Diplomatic Support Overseas {Neither strategy successful}

IV. Military Aspects of the War Battles of the Civil War [Chart] Battle of Bull Run: Not a short war Shiloh Church: Single bloodiest day Monitor v. Merrimac: All fleets obsolete Antietam: Emancipation Proclamation Battle of Gettysburg: Turning Point; Address Battle of Vicksburg: Control of Mississippi R. Sherman’s March to the Sea: War of Exhaustion

IV. Military Aspect of the War Appomattox Court House 1. April 9, 1865: Lee Surrenders 2. Terms * Officers: keep swords; soldiers: mules * Generous truce: towards a peaceful resolution 3. Cost * Bloodiest conflict: 600,000 dead * Disease: poor nutrition, sanitation, infection * “Laudable pus” ** Triumph of Nationalism over Sectionalism/States Rights

IV. Military Aspects of War Emancipation Proclamation (January 1, 1863) 1. Lincoln & Slavery Issue 2. The Proclamation Itself: “Forever Free” 3. Effects * South v. North * British & French ** African American Soldiers

IV. Military Aspects Effects of Proclamation : African American Soldiers *54th Massachusetts Infantry; Robert Shaw

V. The Home Front Daily Life 1. North * Role of women, C.Barton, Red Cross * Copperheads * Draft Riots (July 1863) 2. South: Problems

V. The Home Front An Active Congress * With S. Democrats out of Congress, Republicans had little opposition… Most active in history 1. Tariffs 2. Federal Income Tax 3. Pacific Railroad Act (1862) 4. Homestead Act (1862) 5. Morrill Land Grant Act (1862)

IV. Lincoln’s Assassination * April 14, 1865… John Wilkes Booth… Later war crimes…