ORGANELLE PACKET

Today’ Organelle: Chloroplast Macromolecule involved: Carbohydrates- Major Process discussed: Photosynthesis- Connection: Carbohydrates are formed during photosynthesis. To create these sugars covalent bonds are formed- strong bonds= more energy.

The Specifics: Who Who: Autotrophic Cells-Can you remember what these are? Cells that can harness energy from the sun to create their own tissue and chemical energy Plants, algae, and some bacteria

Where Photosynthesis happens in the mesophyll cells Photosynthesis happens in the leaves of plants The chloroplasts are the organelles inside the mesophyll cells where photosynthesis occurs

Where Photosynthesis Occurs in the thylakoid membrane and stroma of the chloroplast

Leaf Anatomy Waxy cuticle Epidermal cells Xylem- water tube Mesophyll Cells Phloem- food tube Guard Cells Stomata

What Photosynthesis: Using solar energy, autotrophs can capture and fix carbon in the atmosphere to create sugar for energy. Oxygen is a byproduct or waste product for this process Photosynthesis is ANABOLIC- BUILDING CO2 + H2O O2 + C6H12O6

What- Cont. CO2 + H2O O2 + C6H12O6 Photosynthesis can be broken down into 2 basic steps THE LIGHT REACTION: In the thylakoid membranes THE DARK REACTION: In the Stroma

CO2 +H2O  C6H12O6 + O6 Enters Stomata Leaves Stomata Reaches leaves from roots through xylem Passed to plant through Phloem CO2-atmosphere H2O Light energy (sun) ATP NADH ADP NAD Oxygen Sugar

Dark/ Calvin Benson cycle CO2 RuBP- and enzyme Rubisco ATP Glucose

When The Light Reactions of photosynthesis can only occur during the day when light is available The Dark reactions are ongoing day and night

Mini-Lab Observing the stomata of spinach leaves

Today’ Organelle: Mitochondria Macromolecule involved: Carbohydrates/Nucleotides (some lipids and proteins as well) Major Process discussed: Cellular Respiration Connection: Carbohydrates are broken down to gain energy. Energy is in the form of ATP- a Nucleotide relative

Who: All Eukaryotic Organisms that have organelles and therefore mitochondria perform cellular respiration Prokaryotes that do not have mitochondria can not perform cellular respiration and must therefore perform FERMENATION that’s how you get beer and achy muscles.

ATP- The currency of the cell NADH- Transfers Electrons to make 3 ATPs FADH2- Transfers Electrons to make 2 ATPs

NADH- Transfers Electrons to make 3 ATPs FADH2- Transfers Electrons to make 2 ATPs

What Cellular Respiration is CATABOLIC- it Breaks down sugars to create energy Cellular Respiration is the process by which organisms break down sugar in the presence of oxygen to create cellular energy in the form of ATP C6H12O6 + O2  CO2 + H2O

What- an Overview Glycolysis Oxidative (ETC) Kreb Cycle Phosphorylation Kreb Cycle Cytosol Mitochondrial membrane Inner matrix

What- Step 1 Glycolysis (cutting sugar)

Summary of Glycolysis 1. One glucose (6C) converted into 2 pyruvates (3C). 2. Net yield of 2 ATP for use by cell. 3. Two NAD+ are converted into 2 NADH & 2H+. (These go to Electron Transport.)

Goes around 2xs…1/pyruvate What- The Kreb Cycle or Citric Acid Cycle Goes around 2xs…1/pyruvate

Oxidative Phosphorylation- the ETC http://www.youtube.com/watch?NR=1&v=lRlTBRPv6xM&feature=endscreen

LAB-CELLULAR/PHOTOLAB

Today’ Organelle: Cell Membrane Macromolecule involved: Proteins and Lipids Major Process discussed: Osmosis and Active Transport Connection: The cell membrane is made of proteins and lipids. Ions- formed from broken ionic bonds must enter the membrane via transport.

LAB-Osmosis and elodea lab

Lab- Iodine Osmosis lab 1. Question 1: How does Concentration affect the extent of diffusion of an iodine through a membrane? Hypothesis- IF THEN BECAUSE 2. Question 2: How does temperature of a solution affect the rate of diffusion of iodine through a membrane?

Directions Create Solutions A B and C. WARNING- IODINE STAINS CLOTHES AND SKIN AND IS SOMEWHAT TOXIC TO THE TASTE. A- 2 tsp of Iodine: 1 Cup of water B- 1 tsp iodine: 1 Cup of water C- ½ tsp iodine: 1 Cup of water

Today’ Organelle: Nucleus Macromolecule involved: Nucleic Acids & Proteins Major Process discussed: CENTRAL DOGMA Replication, Transcription, Translation Connection: The Nucleus of the cell protects the DNA, copies it into RNA and use RNA to make proteins

Who All Eukaryotic cells they have a nucleus to protect their DNA

What Replication- DNA is copied (doubled) to create a new cell with identical information Transcription- DNA is copied to make RNA to leave the nucleus to make proteins Translation- RNA is read by a Ribosome to create the proteins for the body

Where Replication- Can only Happen in the Nucleus Transcription- Can only Happen in the Nucleus Translation- outside of the nucleus in the cytoplasm by Ribosomes