Unit 2, Topic 6 - Respiratory System Topic 1: Gas Exchange Unit 3: Body Systems Topic 1: Gas Exchange

Levels of Organization in Biology Small systems to Big systems

This Section deals with Biochemistry and Macromolecules

This Section deals with Anatomy

This Section deals with Ecology

Gas Exchange Why? Aerobic Cellular Respiration C6H12O6 + 6O2  6 CO2 + 6H2O Every cell of an organism requires O2 (reactant) for use in Aerobic Cellular Respiration Every cell of an organism produces CO2 (product) Composition of Air

Gas exchange in single celled organisms Obj 1 Gas exchange in single celled organisms Exchange between organism and environment Occurs through the cell membrane Small non-polar O2 and CO2 are permeable

Gas Exchange in Multicellular Organisms Unit 2, Topic 6 - Respiratory System OBJ 1 Gas Exchange in Multicellular Organisms The cells of small multicellular organisms exchange gases with out the aid of a circulatory system

Gas Exchange in Multicellular Organisms Unit 2, Topic 6 - Respiratory System OBJ 1 Gas Exchange in Multicellular Organisms Larger multicellular organisms require a circulatory system to move gases to each and every cell

Unit 2, Topic 6 - Respiratory System Gas Exchange in Fish

Human Respiratory System Unit 2, Topic 6 - Respiratory System OBJ 2 Your Goal: Describe the path of air in and out of the lungs using anatomical terms and describing the relative concentrations of O2 and CO2 Nasal and oral cavity Start with Humans (G block); Start with Alveoli (E block) Capillary – tiny blood vessel

Cell Specialization - Example Unit 2, Topic 6 - Respiratory System Cells lining the trachea Goblet cells – secretes mucus Epithelial cell – ciliated cells, cilia move mucus layer towards pharynx, removing inhaled particles from the air way

Unit 2, Topic 6 - Respiratory System Alveoli Unit 2, Topic 6 - Respiratory System OBJ 3 Functional unit of the lung. About 480 million per lung. Location of gas exchange. Surface Area!

Unit 2, Topic 6 - Respiratory System OBJ 22 Unit 2, Topic 6 - Respiratory System

Unit 2, Topic 6 - Respiratory System OBJ 3 Surfactant Secretions that keep the alveoli open Counteracts the cohesive properties of water Start here with C-block

Unit 2, Topic 6 - Respiratory System OBJ 4 Negative Pressure Breathing Diaphragm – thin muscle separating the chest cavity from the abdominal cavity Smaller chest cavity Higher air pressure Air forced out of lungs Larger chest cavity Lower air pressure Air flows into lungs

Smoking-related disorders Unit 2, Topic 6 - Respiratory System OBJ 5 Smoking-related disorders Smoking: Causes cilia to stop moving (for ~20 minutes) Increases amount of mucus in the air passages Kills macrophages (immune cells) in respiratory tract Increased exposure to cold and flu viruses Decreases the amount of oxygen carried by blood

Unit 2, Topic 6 - Respiratory System OBJ 5 Emphysema Primarily caused by smoking Lungs lose elasticity (difficult to exhale) Alveoli become damaged Lose surface area for gas exchange

Unit 2, Topic 6 - Respiratory System OBJ 5 Unit 2, Topic 6 - Respiratory System

Unit 2, Topic 6 - Respiratory System Lung Cancer OBJ 5 20 carcinogens found in cigarette smoke have been directly linked to lung cancers (Hetch, 1999) Smoking causes 1 in 3 of all cancer deaths in the USA. (ALA) Tumors form in the lungs

Unit 2, Topic 6 - Respiratory System Cystic Fibrosis Unit 2, Topic 6 - Respiratory System Optional OBJ 6 Genetic disorder common in Caucasians Chloride pumps in cells of the trachea don’t work (what kind of transport?) Cl- cannot leave the cell Na+ uptake into the cell is increased What happens as a result? Leads to a hypertonic cytoplasm, water flows into the cell

Unit 2, Topic 6 - Respiratory System OBJ 6 Cystic Fibrosis CFTR Protein

Unit 2, Topic 6 - Respiratory System OBJ 6 Unit 2, Topic 6 - Respiratory System

Unit 2, Topic 6 - Respiratory System Other diseases Bronchitis Bronchial tube lining becomes irritated and swollen May clog with mucus Severe coughing and difficulty breathing Caused by an infection or by pollutants

Unit 2, Topic 6 - Respiratory System Other diseases Asthma Severe allergic reaction Bronchioles go into spasms, constricting the air passages

Unit 2, Topic 6 - Respiratory System Other diseases Pneumonia Alveoli become filled with fluid Prevents exchange of gases Caused by an infection