Effects of Controls The Flight Training Manual - Section 4 Add References

Objectives To operate the primary control surfaces and to experience the feel and observe the first aerodynamic effect on the aircraft in flight. To operate the primary control surfaces and observe the further (or secondary) aerodynamic effect on the aircraft in flight. To operate the ancillary controls and to experience the feel and observe the effect on the aircraft in flight.

Aeroplane Axes Lift Primary Controls Ancillary Controls Inertia Principles of Flight Aeroplane Axes Lift Primary Controls Ancillary Controls Inertia

Axes – Lateral Lateral Elevator Pitch Up Pitch Down

Axes – Longitudinal Roll Left Ailerons Roll Right Roll Right Roll Left

Axes – Normal Rudder Normal Yaw Right Yaw Left

Lift – Associated Terminology Chord Chord Line AOA RAF Aerofoil

Lift – Newton’s Third Law An aerofoil generates lift by exerting a downward force on the air as it flows past. According to Newton's third law, the air must exert an equal and opposite (upward) force on the aerofoil, which is the lift.

Lift – Bernoulli’s Theorem The sum of energies of a streamlined flow of an ideal fluid remain constant The faster the velocity, the lower the pressure.

Lift – Bernoulli’s Theorem As air flows over the wing, the increased speed above the wing results in reduced pressure = Lift

Lift – Increase We can increase the Lift by: Increasing the airspeed

Lift – Altering We can alter the Lift by: Changing the Angle of Attack

Lift – Alter We can alter the Lift by: Changing the shape of the wing

Primary Controls

Primary Controls – Elevator Pitch Up Pitch Down Changes Attitude and Airspeed

Primary Controls – Ailerons Roll Left Ailerons Roll Right Roll Right Roll Left Changes Direction

Primary Controls – Rudder Yaw Right Yaw Left Maintain Balanced Flight

Primary Controls – Slipstream Ailerons are outside the slipstream therefore they are not affected by changes to the slipstream Elevator and Rudder are inside the slipstream therefore they are affected by changes to the slipstream

Primary Controls – Slipstream

Ancillary Controls Trim Throttle Flap

Throttle – Reducing Power High Power Low Power Reduced Slipstream The couple is unbalanced Reduced aerodynamic force on tail plane Downwards aerodynamic force on tail plane Reduced Thrust = Nose Down

Throttle – Increasing Power Low Power High Power Increased Slipstream Downwards aerodynamic force on tail plane The couple is unbalanced Increased aerodynamic force on tail plane Increased Thrust = Nose Up

Used to Relieve Flight Control Pressures Trim Used to Relieve Flight Control Pressures Trim after: Power or speed change Configuration change (flaps) Change of CG Trim is your Friend

Flap

Attitude and Trim Change Flap Lift & Drag Increase Flaps Down Flaps Up Flap Operating Range VFE and White Arc (C152 85kt, PA38 89kt) “Lift” Flap – (10º) More Lift than Drag “Drag” Flap – (20º to 30º) Increases Lift but significant increase in Drag Changes: Wing Shape Pitch Attitude and Trim Change

Low Wing High Wing (PA38) (C152) Pitch Down Pitch Up Flap – Pitch Change Low Wing High Wing (PA38) (C152) Pitch Down Pitch Up

Newton’s First Law of Motion Inertia Newton’s First Law of Motion “An object at rest stays at rest and an object in motion stays in motion with the same speed and in the same direction unless acted upon by an unbalanced force.” Inertia The resistance an object has to a change in its state of motion. The aircraft will take time to react to control inputs. This must be taken into account when changing the speed or the direction of the aircraft. “ANTICIPATE”

Airmanship Instructor Speak Visual Flight Rules (VFR) “I have control” Clear of Cloud “You have control” In sight of ground or water “Follow me through” Main Reference See & Be Seen Horizon Ground Features North, South, East, West, Airfield

Airmanship Lookout Left to Right 2 sec / 20 90% Outside Always point out aircraft you see Clock Code “Bandits at 10 o’clock high!”

Airmanship – Personal Checklist I’M S.A.F.E Illness Medication Stress Alcohol (or Drugs) Fatigue Eating

Human Factors Lookout: Limitations Focus, obstacles Peripheral (detects movement) Memory: Information overload Short-term memory 7 items  2 Use checklists

Human Factors Stress: Being busy affects performance and information processing Become more comfortable with practice Lesson Structure: Demonstrating different items therefore is an uncoordinated lesson Future lessons will build on previous ones

Aeroplane Management – Throttle Move Forward to Increase Power Move Back to Decrease Power Smooth Movements (0 – Full = 2 sec) Look after the engine

Aeroplane Management – Mixture Changes Fuel/Air ratio Adjust for change in height (air density) Out/Down for “Idle Cut Off” In/Up for “Full Rich” Set full rich for initial training flights

Aeroplane Management – Carb Heat Used for possible carburettor icing In/Up for “Off” (Cold) Out/Down for “On” (Hot)

Aeroplane Management – T’s & P’s Temperatures and Pressures In the “Green” - normal operating range

Aeroplane Management – Flap C152 Electrical VFE 85kt White Arc PA38 Manual VFE 89kt

Aeroplane Management – Pre-flight Complete details in the Flight Manual

Air Exercise – Attitude Attitude flying, by referencing the nose, and the wings - to the horizon

When used on their “own” Air Exercise – Aileron When used on their “own” Roll Slip Yaw Spiral Descent

Air Exercise – Rudder When used on it’s “own” Yaw Skid Roll more lift less lift more lift less lift Yaw Skid Roll Spiral Descent

Air Exercise – Summary Controls are used in the correct sense Input Primary Effect Further Effect Use Control Column Elevator Rearward Pitch Up Nil Attitude Airspeed Forward Pitch Down Control Column Aileron Left Roll Left Slip – Yaw Spiral Descent Direction Right Roll Right Rudder Pedals Rudder Left Yaw Left Skid – Roll Spiral Descent Balance Right Yaw Right Controls are used in the correct sense Movement is relative to the pilot/aircraft

Air Exercise – Airspeed All Controls Affected by Airspeed Increased Airspeed Feel Harder More Responsive Smaller Movements Decreased Airspeed Feel Sluggish Less Responsive Larger Movements

Air Exercise – Slipstream Elevator and Rudder are inside the slipstream therefore they are affected by changes to the slipstream Constant Airspeed Increased power = increased slipstream MORE Effective Decreased power = decreased slipstream less effective Yaw Rudder

Air Exercise – Power To Correct Use Right Rudder Increasing Power Pitch up Increasing Power Yaw Right Yaw Left To Correct Use Left Rudder Decreasing Power Pitch Down

Used to Relieve Flight Control Pressures Air Exercise – Trim Used to Relieve Flight Control Pressures Holding forward pressure Trim forward Holding back pressure Trim backwards Trim is your Friend

Air Exercise – Flap Flaps Lowered = Increase in Lift (Balloon) Compensate by changing the attitude of the aircraft when flaps are extended or retracted Sink occurs when Flaps are retracted

Air Exercise – Flap Use of Flap Lowering Flap: Check Airspeed White Arc VFE: C152 85kt, PA38 89kt Adjust the attitude to maintain speed – Trim Note: Pitch Change, Increased Drag (IAS) Raising Flap: Check Airspeed Lower the nose slightly to increase speed (1.2 VS for next configuration) Arrest sink with slight back pressure when flap is raised.