Physiology of the endothelium

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Physiology of the endothelium H.F. Galley, N.R. Webster British Journal of Anaesthesia Volume 93, Issue 1, Pages 105-113 (July 2004) DOI: 10.1093/bja/aeh163 Copyright © 2004 British Journal of Anaesthesia Terms and Conditions

Fig 1 Endothelial cells have both metabolic and synthetic functions. Through the secretion of a large variety of mediators they are able to influence cellular function throughout the body. LDL, low-density lipoprotein. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2004 93, 105-113DOI: (10.1093/bja/aeh163) Copyright © 2004 British Journal of Anaesthesia Terms and Conditions

Fig 2 Caveolae are responsible for transcellular transport in endothelial cells. Caveolae are carriers of albumin. Albumin binding proteins (albumin binding glycoprotein, gp60) initiate endocytosis of albumin by associating with the scaffolding protein caveolin-1 (a) and activating the kinase Src. The Src enzyme phosphorylates caveolin-1 and a second protein dynamin (b). This results in the fission of caveolae and internalization of albumin (c). British Journal of Anaesthesia 2004 93, 105-113DOI: (10.1093/bja/aeh163) Copyright © 2004 British Journal of Anaesthesia Terms and Conditions

Fig 3 Nitric oxide synthase (NOS) type III catalyses the production of nitric oxide from the cationic amino acid l-arginine. The enzyme is activated via changes in intracellular calcium in response to changes in shear forces or via a receptor-mediated process. Released nitric oxide activates soluble guanylate cyclase (GC) in smooth muscle cells, converting GTP to cGMP. This activates a protein kinase which leads to the inhibition of calcium influx into the smooth muscle cell, and decreased calcium–calmodulin stimulation of myosin light chain kinase. This in turn decreases the phosphorylation of myosin light chains, decreasing smooth muscle tension development and causing vasodilatation. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2004 93, 105-113DOI: (10.1093/bja/aeh163) Copyright © 2004 British Journal of Anaesthesia Terms and Conditions

Fig 4 Nuclear factor kappa B (NFκB) is maintained in a non-activated state in the cytoplasm by association with an inhibitor subunit, IκB. Proteolysis of IκB in response to activation stimuli including bacterial products, viruses and cytokines, with a common redox-sensitive step, reveals a nuclear recognition site. This then prompts the NFκB to move into the nucleus where it binds onto target DNA and results in mRNA expression. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2004 93, 105-113DOI: (10.1093/bja/aeh163) Copyright © 2004 British Journal of Anaesthesia Terms and Conditions