Review T 9/25 at 5pm in WRW 102 and in class 9/26 Exam #1 W 9/26 at 7-8:30pm in UTC 2.102A (bring cheat sheet) Review T 9/25 at 5pm in WRW 102 and in class 9/26

DNA contains the information to make RNA and/or proteins. Fig 8.11 DNA contains the information to make RNA and/or proteins. Protein

Alternative splicing produces related but distinct protein isoforms Fig 9.20

Luciferase Gene (from fireflies) Expressed in a Plant

100% 4.7% 0.34% 0.22%

A processed mRNA ready for translation 5’ untranslated region 3’ untranslated region Protects from degradation/ recognition for ribosome Protects from degradation/ transport to cytoplasm

Combinations of 3 nucleotides code for each 1 amino acid in a protein.

The Genetic Code: 64 codons 20 amino acids 1 start codon 3 stop codons Fig 9.6 The Genetic Code: 64 codons 20 amino acids 1 start codon 3 stop codons

Translation involves different RNA’s Fig 8.11 Translation involves different RNA’s Protein

rRNA folds up by intramolecular base pairing Fig 9.12

Ribosomes are made of both RNA and protein Fig 9.11

On the ribosome, the mRNA, tRNA’s, and growing polypeptide come together Fig 9.13

The structure of transfer RNA Fig 9.7 The structure of transfer RNA

Fig 9.14 Translation initiation sequences along with the start codon signals the start of translation

Translation initiation in eukaryotes Fig 9.16

The poly-A tail and 5’ cap are involved in translation initiation

The Genetic Code: 64 codons 20 amino acids 1 start codon 3 stop codons Fig 9.6 The Genetic Code: 64 codons 20 amino acids 1 start codon 3 stop codons

Fig 9.10 Redundancy in codons means that some tRNAs bind to the codon via wobble

mRNAs are usually translated by multiple ribosomes simultaneously

In bacteria, transcription and translation occur simultaneously

Termination of translation by binding of release factor (a protein) to the stop codon Fig 9.18

All protein interactions in an organism (C All protein interactions in an organism (C. elegans) compose the interactome Fig 9.22

post-translational modifications: activation, inactivation, destruction, and translocation RNA synthesis Fig 14.1 Protein

What makes us who we are? Nature and Nurture

Imprinting: exposure to movement sets “mother”

X/Y chromosomes in humans: genes = traits Fig 4.4

Human Chromosomes

Twin studies have been used to determine the heritability of various traits, but there are some caveats.

Correlation of weight and relatedness Correlation of weight (BMI) % Biological siblings 34 Parents and children living together 26 Identical twins reared together 80 Identical twins reared apart 72 Fraternal twins reared together 43 Adopted children and parents 4 Unrelated children living together 1 *But food preference shows little genetic correlation The nature of environmental influences on weight and obesity: A behavior genetic analysis. Grilo, Carlos M.; Pogue-Geile, Michael F.; Psychological Bulletin, Vol 110(3), Nov 1991. pp. 520-537. And two books by Matt Ridley: Nature via Nurture (2003) and Genome: the Autobiography of a Species in 23 Chapters (1999)