Multi-level citizenship: causes and opportunities The Dynamics of Citizenship in the Post-Political World, Stockholm University, May 26 2010 Andreas Føllesdal Norwegian Centre for Human Rights University of Oslo http://folk.uio.no/andreasf

”Passive” Human Rights? ”Active” Political Rights? Replacing state citizenship – Or supplementing?

Multilevel governance: Territorial

Multilevel Governance: Private - Public

Responses

Overview Why Globalisation requires us to reconfigure Citizenship 2. Some Research Challenges

1. Why globalisation requires us to reconfigure citizenship 1.1 Normative premise: Cosmopolitan Justice:

Our true Nationality is Mankind H. G. Wells Bodyshop

1. Why globalisation requires us to reconfigure citizenship 1.1 Normative premise: Cosmopolitan Justice: ”All human beings are rights-deserving subjects of equal moral worth “ Shared practices and institutions must be justifiable to all person as moral equals Normative, but NOT Institutional Cosmopolitanism: the world order need not be a centralised universal republic

1.2 Globalisation Widening and deepening of relations and institutions across space: Our actions and practices systematically and mutually affect others across territorial borders: Often of great mutual benefit, economically, culturally, …. HERE: some of the challenges Increased Complex Interdependence among individuals and organisations globally, without a common government. Challenges received beliefs about the obligations of states, non-state actors, citizens

1.3 The distribution of moral responsibility – ’the standard case’ The Government: sets rules that: Respect vital interests: No one must harm others’ vital interests Protect vital interests: The government must protect the vital interests of all against threats by third parties. E.g. Human Rights, ILO Conventions, Secure ’Public goods’, including those required for a market: enforces contracts… Distribute and redistribute benefits and burdens by (democratic) means of taxation, tariffs.. Civil Society – Religious institutions, NGOs, media, universities: Secure other social functions: socialise to responsible citizenship, monitor the powers that be Corporations: Act within governmental regulations to create economic value for owners and consumers

1.4 Drivers of globalisation: Global Markets, sought by states … Not new: A merchant, it has been said very properly, is not necessarily the citizen of any particular country. …. a very trifling disgust will make him remove his capital, and together with it all the industry which it supports, from one country to another Adam Smith Wealth of Nations 1776

Capital has become

What is new: The density, speed and impact of global economic interdependence: The digital economy Globally integrated financial markets Large transnational corporations Increased global political interdependence: Governments previously had more de facto control over tariffs, monetary policies, and taxation levels that could distribute the adjustment costs of opening up to international competition Governments have agreed to make some of these instruments unavailable Power and policy options shifts from states toward corporations (John Ruggie: ‘Embedded Liberalism’) The global mobility of capital forces governments to compete to attract and keep multinational corporations that demand cheap resources and labour

X X In brief: Governance Gap Governments Rule makers Corporations Rule peddlers Rule takers Rule shoppers Governance Gap

Changed power and opportunities – and responsibilities We must reconsider the division of moral responsibility between government, corporations and civil society. When a single government cannot, who shall Respect Human Rights: No one must damage the vital interests of others Protect Human Rights: Someone must protect the vital interests of all against threats by third parties. Secure ’Public goods’, including those required for a market: enforces contracts… Distribute and redistribute benefits and burdens – democratically? - by means of taxation, tariffs..

States: Pool Sovereignty in territioral multi-level political orders to honor Cosmopolitan Justice? Corporations: Enter into public-private regimes – Corporate Social Responsibility - to ensure Cosmopolitan Justice? Citizens: Citizens: What extra obligations to promote and respect human rights? What democratic obligations? – IF ANY?

? ? ? 2 Research Challenges Human Rights Democracy Territorial multilevel Non-state actors ? - What Social Functions? -Social/Cultural Preconditions? Lessons from the Federal Tradition? Not ’post-political’! – but multiple political loyalties ? Corporate Social Responsibility? -Toward a regime? -Preconditions, challenges?

Conclusion

Conclusion