Basics of Electricity Module 13 – 16’

Your career will rely heavily on the use electricity Know what electricity is How it works

Understand Electricity Understanding electricity will help to properly use care for appliances Electricity & its use impacts different aspects of salon environment Lighting Temperature of styling irons

Electricity Is a form of energy that when in motion exhibits Magnetic Chemical Thermal It is a flow of electrons which are negatively charged particles that swirl around atoms like a swarm of bees

Electrical current – is the flow electricity along a conductor Conductor – is any substance that easily transmits electricity Metals Copper Water

Insulator – or nonconductor – is a substance that does not easily transmit electricity Rubber Silk Wood Glass Cement

Complete circuit – is the path of an electrical current from the generating source through conductors and back to its original source Figure 13 – 1 page 275 Did You Know - page 275

Types of Electrical Current Direct Current – Is a constant even- flowing current that travels in one direction Inverter – is an apparatus that changes direct current to alternating current Car converters

Alternating current – is a rapid and interrupted current – flowing first in one direction and then in the opposite direction Rectifier – is an apparatus that changes alternating current to direct current Cordless electric clippers Clippers and battery chargers Table 13 – 1 page 276 Did You Know – page 276

Electrical Measurements Water flowing through a hose Volt – or voltage – is the unit that measures the pressure or force that pushes the flow of electrons forward through a conductor Without pressure electrons wouldn’t flow Figure 13 – 2 , Figure 13 – 3 – page 276

Wire must expand like a hose Amp – or ampere – is the unit that measures the amount of electric current (the number of electrons flowing through a conductor) Wire must expand like a hose Milliampere – is one-thousandth of an ampere Ampere is too strong for the body

Ohm – is a unit that measures the resistance of an electric current Current will not flow through a conductor without the force (volts) being stronger than the resistance flow (ohms)

Watt – is a measurement of how much electric energy is being used in 1 second Kilowatt – is 1,000 watts Caution Box - Page 277

Practice Electrical Equipment Safety Your safety Client safety Equipment inspected regularly – safe working order

Safety Devices Fuse – Special device that prevents excessive current from passing through a circuit Blow out or melt when wire becomes too hot from overloading too much current To re-establish – Disconnect appliance Check all connections & insulation Insert new fuse

Circuit breaker – Figure 13 – 4,13-5 - page 278 Switch that automatically interrupts or shuts off an electric circuit at the first indication of overload Hit re-set button Hair dryer – on electric plug Figure 13 – 4,13-5 - page 278

Grounding – All electrical appliances must have at least 2 electrical connections “live” connection supplies current The ground connection completes the circuit and carries the current safely to the ground Third – circular electrical connection provides an additional ground Appliances with a third circular \ground give the most protection

Guidelines for Safe Use of Electrical Equipment PP 279 Caution boxes on PP 280 Figure 13 – 6 – page - 278 Figure 13 – 7, Figure 13 – 8, Figure 13 - 9 - page 279

Electrotherapy Wall plate – facial stimulator – an instrument that plugs into a wall outlet and produces different types of electrical currents – used for facials and scalp treatments Modalities – various electrical currents Electrode – an applicator for directing the electric current from the machine to client’s skin

Polarity – Polarity Anode – Cathode – Figure 13 – 10 page 280 Galvanic current – Caution Boxes– page 280 Did You Know – page 280 Table – 13-2 – page 281

Active Electrode - Electrode used on the area to be treated Inactive Electrode – opposite pole from active electrode Iontophoresis – process of infusing water-soluble products into the skin with the use of electric equipment

Cataphoresis – Infuses an acidic (positive) product into deeper tissues using galvanic current from the positive pole toward the negative pole Anaphoresis – infuses an alkaline (negative) product into the tissues from the negative pole toward the positive pole

Disincrustation – a form of anaphoresis and is a process used to soften and emulsify grease deposits (oil) and blackheads in the hair follicles Caution Boxes – page 281 Did you Know – page 281

Microcurrent – extremely low level of electricity and mirrors body’s natural electrical impulses Iontophoresis – Firming Toning Soothing skin Heal inflamed tissue (acnes) Negative & positive poles in one electrode

Microcurrent does not travel through body Treats areas used on only Benefits/effectiveness – page 281 Figure 13 – 11 page 281

Tesla high-frequency current – Effects Benefits Figure 13 – 12 page 282 State Regulatory Alert – page 282 Caution box - 282

Identify Other Electrical Equipment Conventional Hood Hair Dryers – heat lamps – Used to shorten chemical processing time Dry Holes in processing cap Ionic Hair Dryers Electric Curling Iron and Flat Irons – Heating Caps

Hair Color Processing Machines – Accelerating Machines Shorten time it takes to process Steamer or Vaporizer Machine Produces moist uniform heat Light Therapy Did You Know? – page 283

Explain Light Energy and Light Therapy Visible light is electromagnetic radiation that we can see “radiant energy” Carries energy through space on waves Wavelength - - 2 successive peaks Long wavelengths – Low frequency – number of waves is less within a given length Short wavelengths – high frequency – more waves within a given distance

Figure – 13 – 13 – page 283 Electromagnetic spectrum – entire range of wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation (radiant energy) Visible light is the part we can see - Makes up 35% of natural sunlight Invisible light – wavelengths are beyond the visible spectrum of light – 65% of natural sunlight

Ultraviolet Light 5% of natural sunlight Cold rays actinic rays Shorter wavelengths Least penetrating Produces less heat than visible light Produce chemical effects and kill germs Prompts the skin to produce vitamin “D”

Overexposure – premature aging and skin cancer UV radiation from Sun Sun lamps Tanning beds 30” – 36” away

Sunlight and artificial light can start polymerization in containers Heat-curing monomers – may also cause polymerization in the container

Infrared rays – 60% of natural sunlight Deeper more penetrating rays Produce more heat than visible light Exposure time 5 minutes 30” inches away NEVER leave client unattended

Light Versus Heat Energy Catalysis – used to make reactions happen more quickly Use heat as an energy source while others use light Absorb energy like a battery

Light Therapy – Phototherapy Lasers Photothermolysis Light-Emitting Diode (LED) State Regulatory Alert – page 287 Table 13 – 4 page 287

Intense Pulse Light Did You Know? – page 288 Web Resources - page 288

Visible Light Visible light rays – primary source of light used in facials and scalp treatments White light – “combination light” - combination of all visible rays of the spectrum

Blue light – used on bare oily skin Few heat rays Least penetrating Germicidal and chemical benefits Red light – Used on dry skin Oils and crèmes Deepest penetration Produces moist heat