Principles of Chemistry Copyright 2014 © SAP

CHEMISTRY Chemistry is the science that deals with the composition, structures, and properties of matter and how matter changes under different chemical conditions. Organic chemistry is the study of substances that contain carbon. Inorganic chemistry is the branch of chemistry dealing with compounds lacking carbon.

MATTER A. Elements B. Atoms C. Molecules Composed of a single part or unit Cannot be reduced to a simpler form 90 naturally occurring elements B. Atoms Smallest particle of an element C. Molecules Elemental molecules Compound molecules

Covalent Bonds

Covalent Bonds

MATTER D. States of Matter Solids—have a definite shape, volume, and weight (e.g., ice). Liquids—have volume and weight, but not a definite shape. (e.g., water) Gases—do not have a definite volume or shape (e.g., steam).

PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF MATTER A. Physical Properties Color Odor Weight Density Melting point Specific gravity Boiling point Hardness B. Chemical Properties Determined by a chemical reaction and cause a chemical change in the identity of the substance

density

PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF MATTER C. Physical Change Changes the form without forming a new substance D. Chemical Change causes a new substance to be formed having properties different from the original.

PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF MATTER E. Pure Substances Matter with fixed chemical composition, definite proportions, and distinct properties Elemental molecules Chemical compounds

PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF MATTER F. Physical Mixtures Ingredients that do not change their properties Solution Solute Solvent Miscible liquids (MIS-uh-bul) Immiscible liquids Suspension Emulsion Surfactants (sur-FAK-tants) oil-in-water emulsion (o/w) water-in-oil emulsion (w/o)

Solution, Solute, & Solvent

Miscible liquids (MIS-uh-bul) & Immiscible liquids

PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF MATTER G. Other Physical Mixtures Ointments, pastes, pomades, styling waxes Powders H. Common Product Ingredients Alcohol Alkanolamines (al-kan-oh-LAH-mynz) Ammonia Glycerin Silicones Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) Formaldehyde (formalin)

PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF MATTER I. Potential Hydrogen (pH) and Ions Ionization (eye-ahn-ih-ZAY-shun) Ion Anion (AN-eye-on) ie. sulfate anion: SO42- Cation (KAT-eye-un) Ie. NH4+ J. Water & pH Hydrogen ion (H+) is acidic. Hydroxide ion (OH) is alkaline.

PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF MATTER K. The pH Scale A scale of 0 to 14 7—a neutral solution Below 7—an acidic solution Above 7—an alkaline solution Pure water—pH of 7 Hair and skin—pH of 5

PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF MATTER L. Acids have a pH below 7.0. taste sour. turn litmus paper from blue to red. contract and harden hair. M. Alkalies (AL-kuh-lyz) are also called a base. have a pH above 7.0. taste bitter. turn litmus paper from red to blue. feel slippery and soapy on the skin. soften and swell hair.

LEO says GER Losing Electrons is Oxidation, and the substance that loses electrons is called the reducing agent. Gaining Electrons is Reduction, and the substance that gains electrons is called the oxidizing agent.

Blue couplers include 1,3-diaminobenzene and its derivatives. Kevlar PPD Hydrogen Peroxide Blue couplers include 1,3-diaminobenzene and its derivatives. Red couplers include phenols and naphthols, such as 3-aminophenol (CAS#591-27-5), 5-amino-2-methylphenol (CAS#2835-95-2) and 1-naphthol (CAS#90-15-3). The combination of 2,5-diaminotoluene with the coupler 3-aminophenol gives a magenta-brown dye, while the combination of 2,5-diaminotoluene with the coupler 1-naphthol gives a purple dye. Yellow-green couplers include resorcinol, 4-chlororesorcinol, and benzodioxoles. These compounds produce broad-band absorption when they react to form dyes, allowing for more natural-looking hair colors. The combination of 2,5-diaminotoluene with the coupler resorcinol gives a greenish brown dye. Indophenol Commonly used to produce black, drab and warm browns, and shades of blonde and gray hair dyes. 2,5-Diaminotoluene

The first step shows the oxidation of p-phenylenediamine to the quinonediimine (C6H4(NH)2):  The second step involves the attack of this quinonediimine on the coupler. In organic chemistry, this reaction is calledelectrophilic aromatic substitution: In the third and final step, the product from the quinonediimine-coupler reaction oxidizes to the final hair dye. This reaction imparts a permanent color on hair is because it produces a larger dye molecule, which is locked inside the hair.

PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF MATTER N. Oxidation Oxidation-reduction (redox) reactions Exothermic (ek-soh-THUR-mik) Combustion O. Reduction Reactions Oxidation Reduction Oxidizing Agent P. Redox (reduction and oxidation) reactions

CHEMISTRY SUMMARY The science that deals with the composition, structure, and properties of matter and how matter changes under different chemical conditions is called chemistry. Matter is anything that occupies space, has physical and chemical properties, and exists as either a solid, liquid, or gas. Matter can be changed either physically or chemically.