9/13/2013 Opener FOCUSED FRIDAYS Sit quietly. The CLICKER quiz will begin in a minute. You MUST also write your answers on an opener sheet of paper.

Objectives 1. Locate the topic sentence in an expository paragraph 2. Differentiate between statements of facts and statements of opinions in informational texts 3. Explain the differences between a writer's style and a writer's tone

Tone refers to the author's attitude, either stated or implied, toward his or her subject matter and the audience. (Examples: Humorous, Informative, Instructive, Sympathetic, Persuasive) AVOID: Mad, Sad, Glad, Bad...use more descriptive and eloquent vernacular. Tone

Facts? Opinions? Expert Opinions? “No one says that nuclear power is risk-free. There are risks involved in all methods of producing energy. However, the scientific evidence is clear and obvious. Nuclear power is at least as safe as any other means used to generate electricity.” Tone? Facts? Opinions? Expert Opinions? Topic Sentence? Tone: Example 1

“The condition of our city streets is outrageous “The condition of our city streets is outrageous. The sidewalks are littered with paper and other garbage -you could trip while walking to the store. The streets themselves are in even worse condition. Deep potholes and crumbling curbs make it unsafe to drive. Where are our city tax dollars going if not to correct these problems?” Repeated words or phrases? Tone? Facts? Opinions? Expert Opinions? Topic Sentence? Tone: Example 2

Topic Sentence? Write in your notes. When Kentucky Derby winner, Barbaro, shattered his leg at the start of the Preakness Stakes in 2006, everyone in horse racing appeared stunned. Barbaro, a two-year-old racing wonder, had been expected to win. Instead he suffered irreparable injuries and had to withdraw. Yet when one considers the damage racing inflicts on young horses, it’s hard to imagine why everyone, from the owners to the fans, seemed so shocked. Horse racing is a dangerous and deadly sport for the horses, no matter how eager and spirited the animals might look at the starting gate. According to Susan Stover, a horse veterinarian at the University of California at Davis, horses sustain fatal injuries in 1.5 of every 1000 starts. The only wonder is that they do not suffer more injuries. These are young horses, whose bodies undergo almost unimaginable stress. As Jim Orsini, who treated Barbaro pointed out, "...at high speed, a horse’s leg bones can actually deform, and keep deforming until they or the ligaments or tendons eventually fail." Orsini ought to know. He is a professional horse surgeon. He works at Pennsylvania’s New Bolton Center, where Barbaro was sent to recover. Add to the stress of regular racing the fact that race horses are bred to be thin-boned—the thin bones help them break out from the starting gate more quickly—and you have a recipe for disaster.  -(Source of information: Alfred Lubrano. "Horse Racing is Still Saddled by Cruelty Issue." Philadelphia Inquirer, May 27, 2006, p.10) Topic Sentence? Write in your notes.

Style is the handling of language by an author, including specific word choices, sentence structure, figurative language, and so on. Style depends on: Sentence structure (simple or complex) Word choice (influenced by type of writing and audience) Imagery (Straightforward or Figurative language-simile, metaphor, etc.) Mechanics – (dashes, punctuation marks) Style

Style Vs. Tone Style Tone Diction: Word choice Sentence structure (simple, complex) Figurative language (similes, metaphors, etc.) Mechanics (punctuation, etc.) Influenced by purpose and audience Author’s attitude toward subject matter (sarcastic, informative, advisory, gloomy, etc.) Influenced by purpose and audience Style Vs. Tone

Tone Vs. Style Types of Tone Types of Style Subjective - tone that is influenced by personal views and may contain personal opinions Objective - the tone when a writer’s words are unbiased and unemotional Informative – (usually objective); emphasizes facts and is meant for you to learn Persuasive – (usually subjective, but can be objective); meant to sway the reader’s opinion one way or another May also be: humorous, sarcastic, sympathetic, or any other adjective to describe how someone acts/says things. Formal style – writing in an objective, impersonal way, with precise use of language. Follows standard conventions of English. Conventions – expected style based on common rules and practices of the language. Informal – may be subjective and contain personal opinions; language may not follow standard conventions of English. Some may refer to different genres as styles

Closure: Putting it all together Independent practice: Identify: The topic sentence Identify any statements of fact, opinions, or expert opinions Describe the author's style Describe the author’s tone Closure: Putting it all together

Expository Paragraph 1 Topic Sentence. Fact. Opinion. Expert Opinion Expository Paragraph 1 Topic Sentence? Fact? Opinion? Expert Opinion? Style? Tone? The Sound of Music is a well-known musical written by Richard Rogers and Oscar Hammerstein. It was written in 1959 and was based on the memoir of Maria von Trapp. While Rogers and Hammerstein wrote many other musicals, The Sound of Music is by far their best work. It was also the most successful. Richard Watts, Jr. of the New York Post stated that the show had "strangely gentle charm that is wonderfully endearing. The Sound of Music strives for nothing in the way of smash effects, substituting instead a kind of gracious and unpretentious simplicity.” The Sound of Music won several Tony Awards in 1960 including best musical, best leading actress, and best featured actress. Anyone who has the chance should go and see this heartwarming show on stage.

Expository Paragraph 2 Topic Sentence. Fact. Opinion. Expert Opinion Expository Paragraph 2 Topic Sentence? Fact? Opinion? Expert Opinion? Style? Tone? According to Charles Darwin, humanity was not created by some higher outer force, but evolved from lower species. Also, his theory presumes that evolution is an ongoing process; therefore, not only animals and plants continue to evolve, but so does humanity. And while human bodies do not seem to transform visibly, the human mind and the way of thinking change significantly from generation-to- generation, boosted by developing technologies, the constantly accelerating pace of life, and the knowledge left from our predecessors.

Closure quiz Style Tone Topic Sentence Thesis Statement Expert Opinion Fact Objective Subjective Conventions Formal style Informal style Statements that can be verified. Once verified, facts can be accepted and regarded as reliable information. The handling of language by an author, including specific word choices, sentence structure, figurative language, and so on. A broad, general statement, that summarizes the key points in the paragraph. Writing in an objective, impersonal way, with precise use of language. Follows standard conventions of English. Common rules and practices of a language. Tone that is influenced by personal views and may contain personal opinions. Refers to the author's attitude, either stated or implied, toward his or her subject matter and the audience. Style that may be subjective and contain personal opinions; language may not follow standard conventions of English. Opinions that are valid because they come from a knowledgeable and trust-worthy source. The tone when a writer’s words are unbiased and unemotional. A focus statement or main idea that is supported by facts or argument. It usually applies to an entire document, essay, or chapter Closure quiz