کارگاه روش تحقیق Tolou Hasandokht MD

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Presentation transcript:

کارگاه روش تحقیق Tolou Hasandokht MD Assistant Professor in Preventive & Community Medicine

Research is… Searching for explanation of events, phenomena, relationships and causes What, how and why things occur Are there interactions? A process Planned and managed – to make the information generated credible The process is creative It is circular – always leads to more questions

Why do research? Validate intuition Improve methods Demands of the Job For publication

For Doing Research Choose A Subject Choose A Study Design Writing Research Proposal

چرا پروتکل بنویسیم؟ انسجام رفع نواقص برآورد هزینه و زمان

مراحل انجام یک تحقیق علمی انتخاب موضوع بیان مساله مروری بر متون اهداف، فرضیات و سوالات تبیین و تعریف متغیرها نوع و روش مطالعه جامعه پژوهش و حجم نمونه روش نمونه گیری ابزار گردآوری داده ها پایایی و روایی ابزار گردآوری محدودیت ها و مشکلات ملاحظات اخلاقی جدول گانت اجرایی منبع نویسی بودجه بندی تصویب طرح پژوهشی اجرا تجزیه و تحلیل داده ها ارائه گزار ش نهایی طرح

Research Ideas Be a good listener Good researchers learn as much as they can from those around them. They learn from their patients, from the observations if fellow staff members at all levels, and from the accumulated knowledge of other investigators in the field.

(Read, Read and Read) Reading papers in your field, regardless of how finite it may seem when one first approaches it, is enormous; and in becoming a clinical researcher one must have a firm grasp, both deep and broad-based, of the field of one’s inquiry, and not uncommonly several related fields as well.

The present study has limitations: it is a single center Two-Decade Trends in the Prevalence of Atherosclerotic Risk Factors, Coronary Plaque Morphology, and Outcomes in Adults Aged <45 Years Undergoing Percutaneous Coronary Intervention The present study has limitations: it is a single center retrospective analysis that cannot be easily generalized. we only included patients undergoing PCI and not those treated with medical management or CABG

Attend national, if possible, international meetings Network

Criteria for selecting a research topic Relevance Avoidance of duplication Urgency of data needed (timeliness) Political acceptability of study Feasibility of study Applicability of results Ethical acceptability

TITLE

Clear Concise Understandable

نگارش عنوان عنوان پروپوزال بايستی دربرگيرنده اجزای زير باشد: موضوع تحقيق (What) مکان تحقيق (Where) زمان تحقيق (When) جامعه مورد تحقيق (Whom)

عنوان به صورت خبري نگارش شود و حاوي پيش داوري نباشد. در عنوان از كلمات اختصاري استفاده نشود و در پايان عنوان ، نقطه قرار نگيرد. حجم نمونه در عنوان قيد نگردد. عنوان از نظر نگارش صحيح و جامع باشد ( از حداقل كلمات استفاده شود و معنا را نيز تفهيم نمايد).

مثال :بررسي و تحليل آموزش در ايران وجهان - كدام مقطع آموزشي مورد نظراست. كدام زمينه يا بعد از آموزش مد نظر است. آموزش در كدام دوره در ايران مورد توجه محقق است. منظور از جهان، كدام كشور يا كشورهاست.

بررسی وضعیت امنیت غذایی و برخی عوامل مرتبط با آن در خانوار های روستایی شهرستان رشت در سال 1397

مثال1- بررسي عوامل مؤثر بر رضايتمندي اساتيد در دانشگاه علوم پزشكي x.

ارزیابی اثر درمان x بر روی علایم بالینی و کیفیت زندگی بیماران x در مراجعین به بیمارستان x شهر رشت در سال 1396 بررسی تاثیر x در بهبود زخم فشاری بیماران بستری در بخش های مراقبت ویژه مراکز آموزشی درمانی وابسته به دانشگاه علوم پزشکی x در سال 96

کارگروهی

مثال به نظر شما عناوین زیر دارای چه اشكالاتی هستند؟ رعايت ايمني بيمار در بيمارستان. بررسي تاثير ويتامين D در افزايش شدت آسم كودكان با توجه به تعداد حملات آسم و ساير عوامل مرتبط با بيماري كودك. بررسي فراواني مسموميت با متادون در كودكان والدين معتاد و در حال ترك اعتياد سهل انگار. بررسي ميزان كري مادرزادي در نوزادان. ارزيابي عاقبت كودكان شناسايي شده در برنامه غربالگري كم شنوايي نوزادي در استان x، 92-1385.

PICO

Exactly what are you planning to do? PICO P - who are the patients or what’s the problem? I - what is the intervention or exposure? C – what is the comparison group? O - what is the outcome or endpoint?

More on PICO risk or treatment placebo or other active treatment Patients disease or condition stage, severity demographic characteristics (age, gender, etc.) Intervention type of intervention or exposure dose, duration, timing, route, etc. Comparison risk or treatment placebo or other active treatment Outcome frequency, risk, benefit, harm dichotomous or continuous type: mortality, morbidity, quality of life, etc.

مراحل انجام یک تحقیق علمی انتخاب موضوع بیان مساله مروری بر متون اهداف، فرضیات و سوالات تبیین و تعریف متغیرها نوع و روش مطالعه جامعه پژوهش و حجم نمونه روش نمونه گیری ابزار گردآوری داده ها پایایی و روایی ابزار گردآوری محدودیت ها و مشکلات ملاحظات اخلاقی جدول گانت اجرایی منبع نویسی بودجه بندی تصویب طرح پژوهشی اجرا تجزیه و تحلیل داده ها ارائه گزار ش نهایی طرح

Introduction

Introduction General, concise description of problem background to the work previous research Where that work is deficient how your research will be better State the hypothesis

Paragraph1: Paragraph2: Paragraph3: What we know What we don’t know ? Paragraph3: Why we do this study

1. Existing state of knowledge 2. Gaps in knowledge which research will fill. 3. State what you Intend to do & the purpose of article 4. Give pertinent references 5. Summarize the rationale for study or observation 6. Define specialized terms or abbreviations you want to use

Introduction Don’t make it a review article Don not include methods, results and discussion Don’t put down every all previous studies & their data gaps Don’t explain pathophysiology irrelevant to your study

Check list for Introduction Is it clear why you did the study? How does your study add to knowledge? Specific objectives or hypotheses

کار گروهی

Review of Literature

مطالعات فردی مطالعات اکولوژیک

مطالعات اولیه مطالعات ثانویه

مطالعات مشاهده ای مطالعات مداخله ای

مطالعات توصیفی مطالعات تحلیلی

مطالعات مقطعی مطالعات طولی آینده نگر گذشته نگر

Qualitative vs. Quantitative Understanding Interview/observation Discovering frameworks Textual (words) Theory generating Quality of informant more important than sample size Subjective Embedded knowledge Models of analysis: fidelity to text or words of interviewees Quantitative Prediction Survey/questionnaires Existing frameworks Numerical Theory testing (experimental) Sample size core issue in reliability of data Objective Public Model of analysis:parametric, non- parametric

Study Design: Primary and Secondary Observational studies that do not involve any intervention or experiment. Experimental studies that entail manipulation of the study factor (exposure) and randomization of subjects to treatment (exposure) groups Secondary

Study Design: Primary and Secondary Primary: where the investigator is the first to collect the data. Sources include: medical examinations, interviews, observations, etc. Merits: less measurement error, suits objectives of the study better. Disadvantage: costly, may not be feasible. Secondary: where the data is collected by OTHERS, for other purposes that those of the current study.

Secondary Studies Narrative Reviews Systematic Reviews Meta-analysis

Secondary Studies: Narrative Review Relies on experts to gather evidence and synthesize findings.  may be evidence-based, but they are NOT evidence (research) They usually lack systematic search protocols or explicit criteria for selecting and appraising evidence.

Secondary Studies: Systematic Review Systematic undertaking of a review with a focused research question that tries to identify, appraise, select and synthesise all high quality research evidence relevant to that question.  seek to answer clearly formulated questions uses rigorous, explicit protocols to identify, select and appraise relevant research studies To minimize bias, systematic reviews include or exclude evidence on the basis of explicit quality criteria.

Narrative vs. Systematic Narrative Review Investigate a clearly defined topic or question. Literature is gathered using explicit search protocols. Studies selected for the review using a protocol that specifies inclusion, exclusion criteria. Data from primary study may be synthesized in a meta-analysis. Evidence "grades" may be applied to individual studies. When evidence is lacking, the authors usually recommend further research. Systematic Review Intended to provide an overview of an area. Explicit, systematic literature search protocol not used. Studies used to support the reviewers' recommendations are not selected according to an explicit, predetermined protocol. May use a level of evidence rating system to "grade" the quality and strength of individual studies. When evidence is lacking, the authors make recommendations based on their opinions and experience. Recommendations may be "graded" based on the consistency and strength of the underlying evidence.

EBM Systematic reviews Review of reviews Survey of practice Yes No Good quality reviews Poor quality reviews Primary studies Yes No Conduct Systematic reviews Good quality study Poor quality study EBM Design and conduct primary study

Design search strategy Search bibliographic databases Formulate research question Further selection of primary studies using inclusion criteria Identify possible papers from titles/abstracts Retrieve papers Quality appraisal Extract data Synthesis Formulate research / policy conclusions

Hierarchy of Epidemiologic Study Design Tower & Spector, 2007 (www)

انواع مطالعات Observational Interventional Case Report Descriptive Analytic Observational Interventional Case Report Case Series كوهورت كارآزمايي باليني اكولوژيك مورد شاهدي مقطعي

Cross sectional diseased Sample s Healthy Time Present

Goals تعیین فراوانی برآورد میانگین و..... تعیین روند بیماری .... تعیین شیوع تعیین فراوانی برآورد میانگین و..... تعیین روند بیماری .... تعیین ارتباط مطالعات تشخیصی

کار گروهی

Case - control Exposure Diseased Healthy (case) Non exposure (control) Time Past

Goals تعیین توزیع فراوانی عامل خطر در گروه شاهد ها تعیین توزیع فراوانی عامل خطر در گروه موارد تعیین توزیع فراوانی عامل خطر در گروه شاهد ها مقایسه توزیع فراوانی عامل خطر در گروه مورد و شاهد برآورد شانس خطر

Software endnote zoreto mendley Manual REFERENCE Software endnote zoreto mendley Manual

فرمت رفرنس نویسی عددی Manual مقاله: اسم نویسنده (ها)، عنوان مقاله، مجله، سال انتشار، volume، issue، صفحات کتاب: اسم نویسنده (ها)، عنوان کتاب، چاپ چندم، اتشاراتی، محل انتشار، سال انتشار، صفحات

Ethical consideration

جدول گانت

به افکار بزرگ فکر کن، اما از شادی های کوچک لذت ببر اچ. جکسون براون