Figure 19.1 Outline of entry of atmospheric nitrogen into the animal diet. PhotoDisc, Inc. Textbook of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations, 7e edited.

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Figure 19.1 Outline of entry of atmospheric nitrogen into the animal diet. PhotoDisc, Inc. Textbook of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations, 7e edited by Thomas M. Devlin © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Figure 19.2 Metabolic fate of (a) nonessential amino acids; (b) essential amino acids plus cysteine and tyrosine. Textbook of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations, 7e edited by Thomas M. Devlin © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Figure 19.3 Aminotransferase reaction. Textbook of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations, 7e edited by Thomas M. Devlin © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Figure 19.4 Alanine aminotransferase reaction. Textbook of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations, 7e edited by Thomas M. Devlin © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Figure 19.5 Transamination of valine. Textbook of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations, 7e edited by Thomas M. Devlin © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Figure 19.6 Couple transamination reaction. Textbook of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations, 7e edited by Thomas M. Devlin © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Figure 19.7 Pyridoxal phosphate. Textbook of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations, 7e edited by Thomas M. Devlin © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Figure 19.8 Pyridoxal phosphate in aldimine linkage to protein lysine residue. Textbook of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations, 7e edited by Thomas M. Devlin © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Figure 19.9 Different forms of pyridoxal phosphate during a transamination reaction. Textbook of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations, 7e edited by Thomas M. Devlin © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Figure 19.10 Pyridoxal-phosphate-dependent-reactions. Textbook of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations, 7e edited by Thomas M. Devlin © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Figure 19.11 Glutamate dehydrogenase reaction Textbook of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations, 7e edited by Thomas M. Devlin © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Figure 19.12 Role of glutamate in amino acid synthesis, degradation, and interconversion. Textbook of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations, 7e edited by Thomas M. Devlin © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Figure 19.13 Allosteric regulation of glutamate dehydrogenase. Textbook of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations, 7e edited by Thomas M. Devlin © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Figure 19.14 Reaction catalyzed by glutamine synthetase. Textbook of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations, 7e edited by Thomas M. Devlin © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Figure 19.15 Reaction caused by glutaminase. Textbook of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations, 7e edited by Thomas M. Devlin © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Figure 19.16 Synthesis of asparagine. Textbook of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations, 7e edited by Thomas M. Devlin © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Figure 19.17 Reaction catalyzed by asparaginase. Textbook of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations, 7e edited by Thomas M. Devlin © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Figure 19.18 Reaction of L-amino acid oxidase, a flavoprotein. Textbook of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations, 7e edited by Thomas M. Devlin © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Figure 19.20 Major pathways of interorgan nitrogen transport following muscle proteolysis. Textbook of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations, 7e edited by Thomas M. Devlin © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Figure 19.20 Urea Textbook of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations, 7e edited by Thomas M. Devlin © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Figure 19.21 Synthesis of carbamoyl phosphate and entry into urea cycle. Textbook of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations, 7e edited by Thomas M. Devlin © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Figure 19.22 Reaction catalyzed by N-acetylglutamate synthetase. Textbook of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations, 7e edited by Thomas M. Devlin © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Figure 19.23 Urea cycle. Textbook of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations, 7e edited by Thomas M. Devlin © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Figure 19.24 Fumarate from the urea cycle is a source of glucose (1), aspartate (2), or energy (3). Textbook of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations, 7e edited by Thomas M. Devlin © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Figure 19.25 Detoxification reactions as alternatives to the urea cycle. Textbook of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations, 7e edited by Thomas M. Devlin © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Figure 19.26 Synthesis of arginine in intestines and kidney. Textbook of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations, 7e edited by Thomas M. Devlin © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Figure 19.27 Synthesis of glutamic semialdehyde. Textbook of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations, 7e edited by Thomas M. Devlin © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Figure 19.28 Synthesis of ornithine and proline from glutamic semialdehyde, a shared intermediate. Textbook of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations, 7e edited by Thomas M. Devlin © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Figure 19.29 Synthesis of serine. Textbook of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations, 7e edited by Thomas M. Devlin © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Figure 19.30 Formation of selenocysteinyl tRNA from seryl tRNA is via a phosphoseryl tRNA intermediate. Textbook of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations, 7e edited by Thomas M. Devlin © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Figure 19.31 Glycine is the product of serine hydroxymethyltransferase. Textbook of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations, 7e edited by Thomas M. Devlin © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Figure 19.32 Glycine cleavage is pyridoxalphosphate-dependent. Textbook of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations, 7e edited by Thomas M. Devlin © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Figure 19.33 Metabolism of serine for gluconeogenesis. Textbook of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations, 7e edited by Thomas M. Devlin © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Figure 19.34 Reaction of serine dehydratase requires pyridoxal phosphate. Textbook of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations, 7e edited by Thomas M. Devlin © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Figure 19.35 Hydroxyprolines Textbook of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations, 7e edited by Thomas M. Devlin © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Figure 19.36 Outline of threonine metabolism. Textbook of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations, 7e edited by Thomas M. Devlin © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Figure 19.37 Phenylalanine hydroxylase catalyzes the conversion of phenyalanine to tyrosine. Textbook of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations, 7e edited by Thomas M. Devlin © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Figure 19.38 Biopterin. 5,6,7,8- N tetrahydrobiopterin is the cofactor required for the hydroxylation and is oxidized to 7,8- dihydrobiopterin. Textbook of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations, 7e edited by Thomas M. Devlin © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Figure 19.39 Minor products of phenylalanine metabolism. Textbook of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations, 7e edited by Thomas M. Devlin © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Figure 19.40 Degradation of tyrosine. Textbook of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations, 7e edited by Thomas M. Devlin © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Figure 19.41 Synthesis of S-adenosylmethionine. Textbook of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations, 7e edited by Thomas M. Devlin © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Figure 19.42 Synthesis of cysteine from S-adenosylmethionine. Textbook of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations, 7e edited by Thomas M. Devlin © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Figure 19.43 Homocysteine desulfhydrase. Textbook of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations, 7e edited by Thomas M. Devlin © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Figure 19.44 Resynthesis of methionine. Textbook of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations, 7e edited by Thomas M. Devlin © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Figure 19.45 Metabolism of cysteine. Textbook of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations, 7e edited by Thomas M. Devlin © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Figure 19.46 Metabolism of tryptophan. Textbook of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations, 7e edited by Thomas M. Devlin © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Figure 19.47 Principal pathway of lysine degradation. Textbook of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations, 7e edited by Thomas M. Devlin © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Figure 19.48 Pipecolate, a minor product of lysine metabolism. Textbook of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations, 7e edited by Thomas M. Devlin © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Figure 19.49 Degradation of histidine. Textbook of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations, 7e edited by Thomas M. Devlin © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Figure 19.50 Common reactions in degradation of branched-chain amino acids. Textbook of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations, 7e edited by Thomas M. Devlin © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Figure 19.51 Terminal reactions in degradation of valine and isoleucine. Textbook of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations, 7e edited by Thomas M. Devlin © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Figure 19.52 Terminal reactions of leucine degradation. Textbook of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations, 7e edited by Thomas M. Devlin © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Figure 19.53 Interconversion of propionyl CoA, methylmalonyl CoA, and succinyl CoA. Textbook of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations, 7e edited by Thomas M. Devlin © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Figure 19.54 Choline and related compounds. Textbook of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations, 7e edited by Thomas M. Devlin © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Figure 19.55 Agmatine, a product of arginine metabolism. Textbook of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations, 7e edited by Thomas M. Devlin © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Figure 19.56 Oxidation of glycine. Textbook of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations, 7e edited by Thomas M. Devlin © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Figure 19.57 S-Adenosylmethionine is the methyl donor used in the conversion of norepinephrine to epinephrine. Textbook of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations, 7e edited by Thomas M. Devlin © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Figure 19.58 Hypusine. Textbook of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations, 7e edited by Thomas M. Devlin © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Figure 19.59 Synthesis of PAPS. Textbook of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations, 7e edited by Thomas M. Devlin © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Figure 19.60 Synthesis of thiocysteine. Textbook of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations, 7e edited by Thomas M. Devlin © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Figure 19.61 Formation of thiosulfate. Textbook of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations, 7e edited by Thomas M. Devlin © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Figure 19.62 Detoxification of cyanide by products of cysteine metabolism. Textbook of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations, 7e edited by Thomas M. Devlin © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Figure 19.63 Catecholamine synthesis. Textbook of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations, 7e edited by Thomas M. Devlin © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Figure 19.64 Major urinary excretion products of epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin. Textbook of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations, 7e edited by Thomas M. Devlin © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Figure 19.65 Tyrosinase and intermediates in melanin formation. Textbook of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations, 7e edited by Thomas M. Devlin © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Figure 19. 66 (a) Trihydroxyphenylalanine (TOPA) Figure 19.66 (a) Trihydroxyphenylalanine (TOPA). (b) Amine oxidase reaction. Textbook of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations, 7e edited by Thomas M. Devlin © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Figure 19. 67 (a) Synthesis of serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine) Figure 19.67 (a) Synthesis of serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine). (b) Structure of melatonin. Textbook of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations, 7e edited by Thomas M. Devlin © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Figure 19.68 Biosynthesis of carnitine. Textbook of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations, 7e edited by Thomas M. Devlin © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Figure 19.69 Histamine. Textbook of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations, 7e edited by Thomas M. Devlin © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Figure 19.70 Anserine and carnosine. Textbook of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations, 7e edited by Thomas M. Devlin © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Figure 19.71 Decarboxylation of ornithine to putrescine. Textbook of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations, 7e edited by Thomas M. Devlin © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Figure 19.72 Polyamine synthesis. Textbook of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations, 7e edited by Thomas M. Devlin © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Figure 19.73 Synthesis of creatine. Textbook of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations, 7e edited by Thomas M. Devlin © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Figure 19.74 Spontaneous reaction forming creatinine. Textbook of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations, 7e edited by Thomas M. Devlin © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Figure 19. 75 (a) Scavenging of peroxide by glutathione peroxidase Figure 19.75 (a) Scavenging of peroxide by glutathione peroxidase. (b) Regeneration of reduced glutathione by glutathione reductase. Textbook of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations, 7e edited by Thomas M. Devlin © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Figure 19.76 Conjugation of a drug by glutathione transferase. Textbook of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations, 7e edited by Thomas M. Devlin © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Figure 19.77 Synthesis of glutathione. Textbook of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations, 7e edited by Thomas M. Devlin © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Figure 19.78 y-Glutamyl cycle for transporting amino acids. Textbook of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations, 7e edited by Thomas M. Devlin © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Figure 19.79 Buthionine sulfoximine. Textbook of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations, 7e edited by Thomas M. Devlin © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Figure 19.80 Structure of heme. Textbook of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations, 7e edited by Thomas M. Devlin © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Figure 19.81 Pathway for heme biosynthesis. Textbook of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations, 7e edited by Thomas M. Devlin © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Figure 19.82 Action of protoporphyrinogen IX oxidase, an example of the conversion of a porphyrinogen to a porphyrin. Textbook of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations, 7e edited by Thomas M. Devlin © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Figure 19.83 Synthesis of α–aminolevulinic acid (ALA) synthase. Textbook of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations, 7e edited by Thomas M. Devlin © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Figure 19.84 Synthesis of porphobilinogen. Textbook of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations, 7e edited by Thomas M. Devlin © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Figure 19.85 Synthesis of uroporphyrinogens I and III. Textbook of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations, 7e edited by Thomas M. Devlin © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Figure 19.86 Formation of bilirubin from heme Textbook of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations, 7e edited by Thomas M. Devlin © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Figure 19.87 Biosynthesis of bilirubin diglucuronide. Textbook of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations, 7e edited by Thomas M. Devlin © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.