Chapter 18 Section 5

Elementary Schools Strict discipline A push for compulsory school attendance A curriculum emphasis on reading, writing, and arithmetic An emphasis on rote learning Physical punishment A surge in kindergarteners An overall pattern of growth Few public schools opened for blacks Growth of parochial schools

High Schools Overall pattern of growth Curriculum expanded to cover science, civics, home economics, history, literature, and vocational training Few public schools open to African-Americans African-American students attended private high schools

Colleges and Universities Overall pattern of growth Most students middle- or upper- class Research universities offered courses in modern languages, engineering, economics, physical sciences, psychology, and sociology as well as professional courses in law and medicine State universities in the Midwest and California offered inexpensive educations to high school graduates Medical education restructured to include laboratory experience, as well as biology, chemistry, physics courses Professional programs established in architecture, engineering, and law African- American universities founded Morehouse College > < NCC U of I >

Education for immigrant adults - Night school taught immigrants citizenship skills and English - Employers offered daytime courses to “Americanize” their workers

New American Writers As more Americans gained reading skills “dime novels” became very popular (these told stories of the “Wild West” or “rags-to-riches”). Realism- Stephen Crane, Jack London, Kate Chopin, and Paul Lawrence Dunbar all wrote about real life struggles and tried to show life as it really was. Mark Twain (Samuel Clemens) was a realist writer that took it a step further by using the dialect of the South as part of the speech in his book Huckleberry Finn http://www.pbs.org/marktwain/learnmore/activities.html

The Newspaper Boom By 1900 ½ of all newspapers in the world were printed in the United States! Why? A more educated American public. Urbanization – people in cities needed a way to keep informed.