Exemplar script A Explain the significance of the work of Pare in the development of medicine. (8 marks) Ambroise Pare was significant in the development of surgery because of the innovative methods he introduced to treat gunshot wounds. In Pare’s time, guns were fairly new inventions, so surgeons were not used to treating gunshot wounds. At first surgeons thought these wounds were poisonous. They stated that wounds had to be burnt out using boiling oil. During a French battle in 1537, Pare ran out of hot oil so decided to improvise. Pare used a cream containing turpentine to seal the wound. Ambroise Pare was significant in the development of surgery because of the innovative methods he introduced to stop bleeding. During the sixteenth century, controlling blood loss in surgery was a major issue. If not sealed a patient could die within 5 minutes on the operating theatre. Pare hated the pain that he inflicted upon his patients. Therefore, another method Pare promoted was the use of ligatures in amputations. The usual method to stop bleeding was by cauterising the wound. Pare instead tied ligatures around individual blood vessels.

Examiner’s commentary This is a simple response that identifies two reasons for significance. There is excellent knowledge demonstrated by the candidate, but they do not address the question. 1 1-3 Basic explanation of bullet(s) Answer demonstrates basic knowledge and understanding that is relevant to the question Students identify recognise and provide a basic explanation of one/both bullets.

Improved response - script A Ambroise Pare was significant in the development of surgery because of the innovative methods he introduced to treat gunshot wounds. In Pare’s time, guns were fairly new inventions, so surgeons were not used to treating gunshot wounds. At first surgeons thought these wounds were poisonous. They stated that wounds had to be burnt out using boiling oil. During a French battle in 1537, Pare ran out of hot oil so decided to improvise. Pare used a cream containing turpentine to seal the wound. Ambroise Pare was significant in the development of surgery because of the innovative methods he introduced to stop bleeding. During the sixteenth century, controlling blood loss in surgery was a major issue. If not sealed a patient could die within 5 minutes on the operating theatre. Pare hated the pain that he inflicted upon his patients. Therefore, another method Pare promoted was the use of ligatures in amputations. The usual method to stop bleeding was by cauterising the wound. Pare instead tied ligatures around individual blood vessels. Pare’s work with boiling oil was extremely significant because, by using turpentine, he unknowingly discovered the first antiseptic cream, meaning the wound did not get infected. This is especially significant when you consider that carbolics weren't used in surgery until 1861; Pare was therefore a revolutionary figure in medicine. Pare’s work on ligatures was very significant, especially compared with cauterising, which he called the ‘too cruel way of healing’, as it reduced blood loss in surgery, gave doctors more time to perform their operations and started to move people away from barbaric methods of treatment.