PHYS 1221 Introduction to Mechanics Dr. Xsitaaz Chadee Semester I, 2018-2019 Lecture 1 - Overview

Today’s learning objective Familiarize yourself with PHYS 1221 State the standard units of measurement

How an eclipse proved Einstein Right https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vF4DENWd_ts (2 mins)

Experimental evidence of Einstein’s General Relativity https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IVHQH4UPIFs (1.5 min)

Eddington’s experiment – how much light is deflected Measurements - true positions of Hyades star cluster, shifted positions during eclipse – of position, time, light intensity on photographic plates etc. “Once the two teams had analyzed their results, they found their measurements were within two standard deviations of Einstein’s predictions, compared to twice that for Newton’s, thus supporting Einstein’s new theory. ”(APS 2016) Errors Repeat of experiment 1919 experiment - Different equipment – different errors – Brazilian team and Principe tea different conditions naturally - 1922, 1953, 1973 eclipses – each result better than the last – improved telescopes, reduced errors

Experimentalist Vs. Theorist on Einstein's General Theory of Relativity https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UdQreBq6MOY

Reading on Proving Einstein’s General Theory of Relativity Buchen, Lizzie. 2009. “May 29, 1919: A major eclipse, relatively speaking.” Accessed September 9, 2018, https://www.wired.com/2009/05/dayintech-0529/ APS. 2016. “This month in Physics History: May 29, 1919: Eddington observes solar eclipse to test general relativity.” Accessed September 9, 2018, https://www.aps.org/publications/apsnews/201605/physicshistory.cfm NASA. 2017. “Testing General Relativity.” Accessed September 9, 2018, https://eclipse2017.nasa.gov/testing-general-relativity

Scientific method https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BVfI1wat2y8

No one way for the scientific method - Homework – look at this video https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GKGtkzgKfkc

Theory and experiment together Well-conceived question Hypothesis Assumptions Build theory Test theory with previous experimental data Predict with theory Design and implement theory Evaluate experimental results and compute errors Confirm or refute theory

In this course Theory - Mechanics Experiment Vectors (Mathematical tool) Motion in 3D Force and motion Kinetic energy and work Potential Energy and Conservation of Energy Center of Mass and Linear Momentum Equilibrium and elasticity Gravitation Fluids – for motion through atmosphere and ocean (Topics in angular momentum are dealt with in PHYS 2151) Experiment

Reading Resources – Available in the Library CATEGORY/AUTHOR TITLE PUBLISHER A. Halliday, D., Resnick, R., and Walker, J. Fundamentals of Physics Wiley 9th edition (2010)   PHYS 1221 Laboratory Manual Department of Physics UWI St. Augustine B. Christam, J. Richards A Student’s Companion to accompany Fundamentals of Physics Fishbane, P., Gasiorowicz, S. and Thornton, S. Physics for Scientists & Engineers with Modern Physics Prentice Hall Inc. 3rd edition (2004) Giancoli, D.C. General Physics Prentice Hall Inc.(1984) C. Hurley, J.P., and Garrod, C. Principles of Physics Houghton & Mifflin (1978) Mac Donald, S. Problems & Solutions in General Physics for Science & Engineering Students Addison-Weskey (1967) Squires, G.L. Practical Physics Cambridge University Press, 3rd Ed. 1985

Internet Sources: Online lectures: http://academicearth.org/courses/fundamentals-of- physics Online tutorials: http://www.dmoz.org/Science/Physics/Education/Tutorials/ Physics help: http://www4.ncsu.edu/unity/lockers/users/f/felder/public/kenny/ho me.html Simulations: http://www.dctech.com/physics/animations.php Online lectures and support materials: http://www.physicsclassroom.com/

How to study for this course: Review your lecture slides. Make your own notes. Notes are personal. Notes fill the gap in your knowledge. Ask questions in class. Attempt questions in the lecture slides and the textbook. Attempt the tutorial questions. Watch youtube videos. Check Khan’s Academy online. Refer to: The Fresher’s Guide to Learning at the UWI- Instructional Development Unit, August 2012) https://sta.uwi.edu/resources/documents/freshersguide.pdf

Plagiarism https://libguides.uwi.edu/c.php?g=652119&p=4574239

Assessments Coursework – (50%) 2 quizzes – myelearning – MCQs (15%) Use your tutorials and your notes to help you prepare Dates: Wed. 17th October and Wed. November 14th Project (10%) – Due Wed. October 10th Create a video using a smart phone recording and explaining one application of mechanics in your environment – You are to answer “How does XXX work?” For example, “How does wind turn a wind turbine? What types of forces are exerted?” Upload to YouTube as an unlisted video and send me the link Groups will be given next week. You have a choice of the application. At most 15 minutes long. Include references. 4 Lab experiments and reports (25%) – as according to schedule Final exam - short answer questions (50%)

Units of measurement Standard – a 1 m length in Trinidad is the same as a 1 m length in London Physical Quantity Name of Unit Abbreviation Mass kilogram kg Length meter m Time second s Temperature Kelvin K Amount of substance mole mol Electric current Ampere A Luminous intensity Candela cd

Halliday et al. (2014, 2011)

Redefining the kilogram Look at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Oo0jm1PPRuo&t=26s

The kilogram is based on Planck’s constant h, Professor Klaus von Klitzing - Nobel Prize winner in Physics 1985 ℎ/ 𝑒 2 the von Klitzing constant – used in redefining the kilogram Quantized Hall effect – resistance effect Visiting Trinidad in early October

To review for next class (1) Difference between vectors and scalars in 1 dimension https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ihNZlp7iUHE Chapter 2 of Halliday et al. Next class, we start with a short multiple choice quiz (MCQ)