Ch. 5 Motivation and Emotion Motivation- the drive behind a goal, why we do what we do Emotion-feelings (love, fear etc.) that are founded on physical reactions of the body Both rely on physiological (physical changes in the body) and psychological (thoughts and perception) factors. Drives- forces that push us into action in order to relieve a feeling of tension or satisfy a perceived need

(absence of this =no fear and no recognition of fear in others) Physical Factors Hypothalamus -Center for pain, pleasure, fear, rage, hunger thirst and sex drive Electrical stimulation of these centers produces those drives or emotions, damage to this area produces reduced drives or abnormalities in the drives Amygdala – center of fear and aggression – greater importance for fear than hypothalamus (absence of this =no fear and no recognition of fear in others) Reticular Formation (RAS) - Is a factor in emotion when an action response is required …i.e. F or F , anxious, fear, excitement

Polygraph machines monitor and record these physical reactions Physical cont. Adrenal and Pituitary Glands- Responsible for chemical signals and releasing hormones that are connected to love, adrenaline, F or F (love and fear really are close neurologically speaking) Polygraph machines monitor and record these physical reactions Gonads- Sex glands:Testes and Ovaries- they produce sex hormones(androgens and estrogen) as well as reproductive necessities Both sexes have some of both types of hormones, but their gender’s hormones are dominant. - in utero babies have potential to be either – the hypothalamus and pituitary signal the correct gonads to kick in=boy or girl Human Sexual experiences involve both psychological (symbolism, emotions, commitment etc.) and physiological aspects –

Physical cont.

Historic Explanations Instinct Theory- William James originally had 37 human instincts (mental instincts too- jealousy, curiosity etc.) other theorists added more…until there were 10,000! It created a headache and circular logic. i.e. studying behavior because of the studying instinct which was defined as studying behavior. So… it was abandoned in favor or the next theory Drive-Reduction Theory- When our bodies experience a need, it creates a sense of tension that makes us uncomfortable and motivates us to satisfy that need. This motivating force was called a drive. But it still did not explain everything… what drive is satisfied by skydiving?

Biological Explanations Arousal Theory- Our behavior is motivated by trying to return to our desired level of alertness when presented with a task or situation- Yerkes & Dodson theorized that there is an optimum level of anxiety (like Goldilocks) that will produce good results. Sheldon's Anxiety Optimization Homeostasis Theory- Our body is striving to maintain a balance or equilibrium = homeostasis, our behavior is therefore motivated by a desire to return to that balance- but unlike drive-reduction theory this theory also states that the body avoids surpluses as well as deficits.

Clinical Explanations Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs- Everyone has a innate need to achieve self-actualization (living life to your best ability)- but in order to do that you have to have all of your lesser needs met. Achievement- Henry Murray- defined achievement motivation as a desire for: major accomplishment, mastery of ideas/things/people, reaching a high standard - but how do you measure ths achievement drive since it is subjective? David McClelland developed a test with ambiguous photos and asked his subjects to describe them.

Breakfast Around the World Hunger Drive Physiological - Your hypothalamus regulates your appetite by monitoring and metering several substances in your bloodstream. *Glucose- main fuel source *Insulin – used in converting glucose to either energy or fat *Leptin- protein that signals “fullness” *Orexin –indicates hunger when glucose levels are low Environmental – Sensory Stimuli – some people are more sensitive to sensory suggestion- actually causes increases in insulin Culture – Cultural attitudes towards food and obesity, as well as cultural tastes Breakfast Around the World