Section 4 – pg 534 Struggles for Justice Chapter 15 Section 4 – pg 534 Struggles for Justice

African Americans AAs faced discrimination across the nation Pg 534 Landlords refused to rent homes to them Were restricted to the worst housing and jobs

Booker T. Washington Born into slavery Taught himself to read Pg 534 Booker T. Washington Born into slavery Taught himself to read Worked in the coal mines Went to school when he could 1881: helped found the Tuskegee Institute in Alabama Offered training in industrial and agricultural skills

Washington advised AAs to learn trades and seek to move up in society Pg 534 - 535 Washington advised AAs to learn trades and seek to move up in society Thought they would eventually have the money and power to demand equality His practical approach won support from businesses leaders like Carnegie and Rockefeller Helped him build trade schools for AAs Presidents sought his advice on racial issues

W.E.B. Du Bois First AA to receive a Ph.D. from Harvard University Pg 535 W.E.B. Du Bois First AA to receive a Ph.D. from Harvard University Criticized Washington for being willing to accept segregation Urged AAs to fight discrimination 1909, joined Jane Addams and other reformers in forming the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) White and blacks in the NAACP worked hard for equal rights for AAs

Campaign Against Lynching Pg 535 Campaign Against Lynching In the 1890s, more than 1,000 AAs were victims of lynching, murder by mob Violence against AAs grew worse in the depression of 1893, when jobless white took their anger out on blacks

Murders outraged Ida B. Wells, a AA journalist Pg 536 Murders outraged Ida B. Wells, a AA journalist In her newspaper, Free Speech, urged AAs to protest lynching Called for a boycott of segregated streetcars and white-owned stores Continued to speak out despite receiving threats on her life

Setbacks and Successes Pg 536 Setbacks and Successes Few white Progressives gave much thought to AA problems President Wilson ordered segregation for workers in the federal civil service “not humiliating, but a benefit” Some AAs still succeeded George Washington Carver discovered hundreds of uses for peanuts and other crops grown in the South Sarah Walker created a line of hair products for AAs Became the first American woman to earn more than $1million

Pg 536 Black-owned insurance companies, banks, and other businesses served AAs Black colleges trained young ppl for professions Churches became training grounds for future AA leaders

Pg 537 Mexican Americans By 1900, half a million Mexican Americans lived in the US Often faced legal segregation 1910: San Angelo, Texas built new schools for its white students, MA children were forced to go to separate, inferior schools

Increased Immigration Pg 537 Increased Immigration 1910: revolution and famine swept through Mexico Thousands of Mexicans fled to the US Many were poor farmers 90% settled in the Southwest Ppl who could not find jobs moved to the Midwest, and the Rocky Mtn region

Daily Life Mexican immigrants often worked as field hands Pg 537 Some helped build railroads Others worked in factories in harsh conditions Were paid less than white workers and were often denied skilled jobs

Sought to preserve their language and culture Pg 537 Sought to preserve their language and culture Created barrios: ethnic Mexican American neighborhoods LA had the nations largest barrio Formed mutualistas, mutual aid groups Pooled money to pay for insurance and legal advice Collected money for the sick and needy

Pg 538 Asian Americans The Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 kept Chinese from settling in the US Employers on the West Coast and Hawaii started to hire ppl from other Asian countries, such as the Philippines and Japan

Pg 538 Japanese Immigrants More than 100,000 Japanese entered the US in the early 1900s Most went to work on the sugar plantations in Hawaii When the US annexed Hawaii in 1898, many decided to move to the mainland Many settled on what was thought to be barren land that they turned profitable

A Gentlemen’s Agreement Pg 538 A Gentlemen’s Agreement 1906: SF forced all Asian students to attend separate schools Japan protested the insult causing an international crisis Unions put pressure on Roosevelt to limit Japanese immigration Roosevelt did not want to anger a growing navel power Condemned segregated schools and proposed he would restrict immigration if they ended segregation

1907: Roosevelt reached a “Gentlemen’s Agreement” with Japan Pg 538 1907: Roosevelt reached a “Gentlemen’s Agreement” with Japan Japan would stop any more workers from going to the US The US would allowed Japanese women to join their husbands who were already in the country Anti-Japanese feeling remained high 1913: CA banned Asians who were not citizens from owning land

Religious Minorities Religious Minorities also faced prejudice Pg 539 Nativist groups, like the Anti-Catholic American Protective Association, worked to restrict immigration Jews and Catholics who were native born faced discrimination in jobs and housing Schools were also Anti-Catholic Teachers lectured against the Pope Textbooks contained references to “deceitful Catholics” The Catholics decided to set up their own parochial schools, schools sponsored by the church

Anti-Semitism: prejudice against Jews 1913: Georgia – Leo Frank, Pg 539 Anti-Semitism: prejudice against Jews 1913: Georgia – Leo Frank, a Jewish man, was falsely accused of murdering a young girl Despite lack of evidence, was sentenced to death Governor reduced sentence Mob took Frank from prison and lynched him American Jews founded the Anti-Defamation League Defamation: the spread of false, hateful information Worked to promote understanding and fight prejudice against Jews