India and the Indian Ocean Basin Chapter 15 India and the Indian Ocean Basin Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.

The Quest for Centralized Imperial Rule Invasion of White Huns from central Asia beginning 451 C.E. Gupta state collapsed mid-sixth century Chaos in northern India Local power struggles Invasions of Turkish nomads, absorbed into Indian society Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.

King Harsha (r. 606–648 C.E.) Temporary restoration of unified rule in north India Religiously tolerant Buddhist by faith Generous support for poor Patron of the arts Wrote three plays Assassinated, no successor able to retain control Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.

The Introduction of Islam to Northern India Arabs conquered Sind (northwest India), 711 C.E. Sind stood at the fringe of the Islamic world Heterodox population, but held by Abbasid dynasty to 1258 C.E. Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.

Merchants and Islam Arabic trade with India predated Islam Dominated trade between India and the west to fifteenth century Established local communities in India Port city of Cambay Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.

Mahmud of Ghazni Leader of the Turks in Afghanistan Raids into India, 1001–1027 C.E. Plundered, destroyed Hindu and Buddhist temples Somnath Hindu Temple of Gujarat, 1025 C.E. Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.

The Sultanate of Delhi Consolidation of Mahmud’s raiding territory Capital: Delhi Ruled northern India 1206–1526 C.E. Weak administrative structure Reliance on cooperation of Hindu kings Nineteen out of thirty-five sultans assassinated Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.

Hindu Kingdoms of Southern India Chola kingdom, 850–1267 C.E. Maritime power Not highly centralized Kingdom of Vijayanagar Mid-fourteenth century to 1565 C.E. Northern Deccan Originally supported by sultanate of Delhi Leaders renounced Islam in 1336 C.E. Yet maintained relations with sultanate Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.

Major States of Postclassical India, 600–1600 C.E. Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.

Agriculture in the Monsoon World Spring/summer: rains, wind from southwest Fall/winter: dry season, wind from northeast Seasonal irrigation crucial to avoid drought, famine Especially southern India Massive construction of reservoirs, canals, tunnels Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.

The Trading World of the Indian Ocean Basin, 600–1600 C.E. Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.

Population Growth in India Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.

Trade and Economic Development in Southern India Indian regional economies largely self-sufficient Certain products traded throughout subcontinent Iron, copper, salt, pepper Southern India profited from political instability in north Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.

Temples and Society More than religious centers Centers of coordination of irrigation, other agricultural work Some temples had large landholdings Education providers Banking services Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.

Cross-Cultural Trade in the Indian Ocean Basin Increased trade in postclassical period Larger ships Dhows, junks Improved organization of agricultural efforts Establishment of emporia Cosmopolitan port cities as warehouses for trade Specialized products developed (cotton, high-carbon steel) Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.

The Kingdom of Axum Example of trade-driven development Founded in the highlands of northern Ethiopia about first century C.E. Adopted Christianity Displaced Kush as Egyptian link to the south Destruction of Kushan capital Meroë ca. 360 C.E. Major territorial expansion to late sixth century Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.

Challenges to Caste and Society Migrations Growth of Islam Urbanization Economic development Development of jati (subcastes), similar to workers’ guilds Expansion of caste system from north to south Promoted by temples, educational system Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.

Religious Developments Jainism, Buddhism lost much of following Buddhism displaced as Turkish invasions destroyed holy sites, temples Destruction of library of Nalanda by Muslim forces, 1196 Thousands of monks exiled Hindu and Islamic traditions prevailed Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.

The Increasing Popularity of Hinduism Growth of devotional cults Especially Vishnu, Shiva Promise of salvation Especially popular in southern India Expansion to north Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.

Hinduism and Philosophy Shankara, brahmin philosopher of ninth century Devotee of Shiva Synthesized Hindu writings in Platonic form Preferred rigorous logical analysis to emotional devotion Ramanuja, brahmin philosopher eleventh to early twelfth century Challenged Shankara’s emphasis on logic Laid philosophical foundations of contemporary Hinduism Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.

Conversion to Islam Twenty-five million converts by 1500 C.E.(quarter of total population) Possibilities of social advancement for lower-caste Hindus In fact, improved social standing rarely achieved through conversion Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.

Sufis Personal, emotional, devotional approaches to Islam Important missionaries of Islam to India Some flexibility regarding local customs Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.

The Bhakti Movement Attempt to bring Hinduism and Islam closer together Twelfth-century southern Hindu movement, spread to north Guru Kabir (1440–1518 C.E.) Taught that Shiva, Vishnu, Allah all manifestations of one deity Largely unsuccessful Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.

Indian Influence in Southeast Asia Influence dates from 500 B.C.E. Evidence of Indian ideas and traditions Kingship Religions (Hinduism, Buddhism) Literature Caste system not as influential Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.

The States of Southeast Asia Funan Lower Mekong River, first to sixth century C.E. Kingdom of Srivijaya Centered in Sumatra, 670–1025 C.E. Kingdom of Angkor Region of Cambodia, beginning in ninth century Magnificent religious city complexes Abandoned 1431 C.E. Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.

Early States of Southeast Asia: Funan and Srivijaya, 100–1025 C.E. Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.

Later States of Southeast Asia: Angkor, Singosari, and Majapahit, 889–1520 C.E. Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.

The Arrival of Islam Early populations of Muslim traders Increasing popularity with Sufi activity Many conversions, retaining some Hindu or Buddhist traditions Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.

Melaka Founded late fourteenth century C.E. by rebellious prince from Sumatra Dominated maritime trade routes Mid-fifteenth century, conversion to Islam of Melakan ruling class Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.