Thermal (heat) capacity

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Presentation transcript:

Thermal (heat) capacity What requires more energy to heat up by 1oC?

Thermal (heat) capacity What requires more energy to heat up by 1oC? 1 kg water

Thermal (heat) capacity What requires more energy to heat up by 1oC? 1 kg water 1 kg aluminium

Thermal (heat) capacity What requires more energy to heat up by 1oC? 1 kg water 1 kg aluminium 4200 joules of energy 900 joules of energy

Thermal (heat) capacity What requires more energy to heat up by 1oC? Water must be supplied with nearly five times as much energy as aluminium for the same rise in temperature. 1 kg water 1 kg aluminium 4200 joules of energy 900 joules of energy

Thermal (heat) capacity What requires more energy to heat up by 1oC? It’s all to do with the SPECIFIC HEAT CAPACITY of the material Water must be supplied with nearly five times as much energy as aluminium for the same rise in temperature. 1 kg water 1 kg aluminium 4200 joules of energy 900 joules of energy

Thermal (heat) capacity The specific heat capacity of a substance is the amount of energy needed to change the temperature of 1kg of the substance by 1oC.

Thermal (heat) capacity The specific heat capacity of a substance is the amount of energy needed to change the temperature of 1kg of the substance by 1oC. Substance SHC (J / kg oC) Water 4181 Oxygen 918 Lead 128

Thermal (heat) capacity The specific heat capacity of a substance is the amount of energy needed to change the temperature of 1kg of the substance by 1oC. Water has a particularly high SHC, making it very useful for storing heat energy, and for transporting it, eg. in central heating Substance SHC (J / kg oC) Water 4181 Oxygen 918 Lead 128

Thermal (heat) capacity The equation (just what you wanted!)

The equation Thermal (heat) capacity (just what you wanted!) Energy transferred = mass x specific heat capacity x temperature Energy transferred = m c ΔT Where: m is the mass in kg, c is the SHC in J/(kgoC) ΔT is the temperature change in oC (or in K)

Thermal (heat) capacity The equation (just what you wanted!) How much energy needs to be transferred to raise the temperature of 2kg of water from 20oC to 30oC?

The equation Thermal (heat) capacity (just what you wanted!) How much energy needs to be transferred to raise the temperature of 2kg of water from 20oC to 30oC? Energy transferred = mass x SHC x temp. change = 2 x 4181 x (30 – 20) = 2 x 4181 x 10 = 83,620 J = 83.62 kJ

Thermal (heat) capacity So what’s this ‘thermal capacity’ bit?

Thermal (heat) capacity So what’s this ‘thermal capacity’ bit? Thermal capacity = mass x SHC

Thermal (heat) capacity So what’s this ‘thermal capacity’ bit? Thermal capacity = mass x SHC eg. If there is 3kg of water in a kettle: Thermal capacity = 3 x 4181 = 12,543 J/oC

Thermal (heat) capacity So what’s this ‘thermal capacity’ bit? Thermal capacity = mass x SHC This means that for every 1oC rise in temperature of the water in the kettle, 12,543 J of energy need to be supplied. eg. If there is 3kg of water in a kettle: Thermal capacity = 3 x 4181 = 12,543 J/oC

Measuring specific heat capacity

Measuring specific heat capacity Energy = power x time Apparatus for determining the SHC of a solid, eg. Aluminium Apparatus for determining the SHC of a liquid, eg. Water http://www.schoolphysics.co.uk/age16-19/Thermal%20physics/Heat%20energy/text/Specific_heat_capacity_measurement/index.html

Measuring specific heat capacity Energy = power x time Beaker contains 0.75 kg of water. Immersion heater (200W) switched on for 200 seconds Temperature of the water rises by 12.5oC Calculate the SHC of water Apparatus for determining the SHC of a liquid, eg. Water http://www.schoolphysics.co.uk/age16-19/Thermal%20physics/Heat%20energy/text/Specific_heat_capacity_measurement/index.html

Measuring specific heat capacity Energy = power x time Beaker contains 0.75 kg of water. Immersion heater (200W) switched on for 200 seconds Temperature of the water rises by 12.5oC Calculate the SHC of water Apparatus for determining the SHC of a liquid, eg. Water Energy transferred = power x time = 200 x 200 = 40,000J = 0.75 x c x 12.5 c = 40 000 / (0.75 x 12.5) SHC of water = 4267 J(kgoC) http://www.schoolphysics.co.uk/age16-19/Thermal%20physics/Heat%20energy/text/Specific_heat_capacity_measurement/index.html

Measuring specific heat capacity Energy = power x time Beaker contains 0.75 kg of water. Immersion heater (200W) switched on for 200 seconds Temperature of the water rises by 12.5oC Calculate the SHC of water Apparatus for determining the SHC of a liquid, eg. Water Energy transferred = power x time = 200 x 200 = 40,000J = 0.75 x c x 12.5 c = 40 000 / (0.75 x 12.5) SHC of water = 4267 J(kgoC) http://www.schoolphysics.co.uk/age16-19/Thermal%20physics/Heat%20energy/text/Specific_heat_capacity_measurement/index.html Actual value for the SHC of water is 4181 J / kgoC. The method described does not make any allowance for heat loss to the surroundings or the beaker.

Thermal (heat) capacity Using the high SHC of water: Central heating system, water carries thermal energy from the boiler to the radiators. Radiator M Pump Boiler

Thermal (heat) capacity Using the high SHC of water: Central heating system, water carries thermal energy from the boiler to the radiators. In car cooling systems, water carries unwanted heat energy from the engine to the radiator. Radiator M Pump Boiler