12.1 DNA and RNA.

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12.1 DNA and RNA

Section Outline 12–1 DNA A. Griffith and Transformation 1. Griffith’s Experiments 2. Transformation B. Avery and DNA C. The Hershey-Chase Experiment 1. Bacteriophages 2. Radioactive Markers D. The Structure of DNA 1. Chargaff’s Rules 2. X-Ray Evidence 3. The Double Helix

Percentage of Bases in Four Organisms Section 12-1 Percentage of Bases in Four Organisms Source of DNA A T G C Streptococcus 29.8 31.6 20.5 18.0 Yeast 31.3 32.9 18.7 17.1 Herring 27.8 27.5 22.2 22.6 Human 30.9 29.4 19.9 19.8

Figure 12–2 Griffith’s Experiment Section 12-1 Heat-killed, disease-causing bacteria (smooth colonies) Harmless bacteria (rough colonies) Control (no growth) Harmless bacteria (rough colonies) Heat-killed, disease-causing bacteria (smooth colonies) Disease-causing bacteria (smooth colonies) Dies of pneumonia Dies of pneumonia Lives Lives Live, disease-causing bacteria (smooth colonies) :

Figure 12–2 Griffith’s Experiment Section 12-1 Heat-killed, disease-causing bacteria (smooth colonies) Harmless bacteria (rough colonies) Control (no growth) Harmless bacteria (rough colonies) Heat-killed, disease-causing bacteria (smooth colonies) Disease-causing bacteria (smooth colonies) Dies of pneumonia Dies of pneumonia Lives Lives Live, disease-causing bacteria (smooth colonies)

http://www.wwnorton.com/college/biology/discoverbio3/full/content/ch12/animations.asp

Hershey-Chase Experiment Section 12-1 Bacteriophage with phosphorus-32 in DNA Phage infects bacterium Radioactivity inside bacterium Bacteriophage with sulfur-35 in protein coat Phage infects bacterium No radioactivity inside bacterium

Hershey-Chase Experiment Section 12-1 Bacteriophage with phosphorus-32 in DNA Phage infects bacterium Radioactivity inside bacterium Bacteriophage with sulfur-35 in protein coat Phage infects bacterium No radioactivity inside bacterium

http://glencoe. mcgraw-hill http://glencoe.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/9834092339/student_view0/chapter14/hershey_and_chase_experiment.html

Hershey-Chase Experiment Section 12-1 Bacteriophage with phosphorus-32 in DNA Phage infects bacterium Radioactivity inside bacterium Bacteriophage with sulfur-35 in protein coat Phage infects bacterium No radioactivity inside bacterium

DNA Nucleotides Purines Pyrimidines Section 12-1 Phosphate group Adenine Guanine Cytosine Thymine Phosphate group Deoxyribose

Chargaff’s Rule – Base Pairing Rule Source of DNA A T G C Streptococcus 29.8 31.6 20.5 18.0 Yeast 31.3 32.9 18.7 17.1 Herring 27.8 27.5 22.2 22.6 Human 30.9 29.4 19.9 19.8 % of A ≈ % of T % of G ≈ % of C

http://www.wwnorton.com/college/biology/discoverbio3/full/content/ch12/animations.asp

Rosalind Franklin X Ray diffraction Shaped is twisted Contain two strands

Watson and Crick Model

Structure of DNA Nucleotide Hydrogen bonds Sugar-phosphate backbone Section 12-1 Nucleotide Hydrogen bonds Sugar-phosphate backbone Key Adenine (A) Thymine (T) Cytosine (C) Guanine (G)

Prokayrotic vs. Eukaryotic DNA

Prokaryotic Chromosome Structure Section 12-2 Chromosome E. coli bacterium Bases on the chromosome

How DNA is packaged

Chromosome Structure of Eukaryotes Section 12-2 Human cells contain over one meter of DNA! How? Nucleosome Chromosome DNA double helix Coils Supercoils Histones Wrapped around proteins (histones and nucleosomes)