Structures and Functions of Living Organisms Understand the hazards caused by agents of disease that affect living organisms

Structures and Functions of Living Organisms Summarize the basic characteristics of viruses, bacteria, fungi and parasites relating to the spread, treatment and prevention of disease 8.L.1.2 Explain the difference between epidemic and pandemic as it relates to the spread, treatment and prevention of disease

Diseases Disease A condition that prevents the body from functioning properly

Agents of Disease Not this kind of Agent!

Agents of Disease Many diseases in humans are caused by microorganisms Not a “Fun Guy” Many diseases in humans are caused by microorganisms Living thing that can not be seen without a microscope Also called microscopic Needs to be seen with a microscope Microbiology is the study of these organisms Includes the study of viruses, bacteria, protozoa, and some fungi single-celled organisms with animal-like behaviors

Agents of Disease Fungus One-celled or many-celled organisms Most that cause disease are one-celled Such as Yeasts, molds, and mildew Many-celled fungi do not usually cause disease Such as mushrooms and shelf fungi Fungi cells are similar to plant and animal cells They have a nucleus and membranes

Agents of Disease Parasite An organism that lives on or in another organism and benefits at the other organism’s expense Uses the tissues or fluids of the host as a food source Organism on which it lives Can weaken or sicken the host

Agents of Disease Virus Microscopic core of genetic material surrounded by a protein coating Causes illness when they infect a living cell Viruses are not living organisms Not made up of cells Do not carry out any functions of life except reproduction Must infect a living cell to reproduce Examples above are Ebola and Flu

Agents of Disease Bacteria One celled organisms (prokaryotes) Does not have a nucleus contained in a membrane Also lacks other similarities to plant and animal cells Grouped according to shape Spirillum: spiral shape (corkscrew) Bacillus: rod shaped Coccus: round or spherical shaped

Fungi and Disease Fungi can invade many parts of the body From skin infections, to more serious problems with bones, lungs and heart Ringworm is a common example Neck, scalp, groin or feet Molds can lead to lung problems such as allergies, asthma attacks, and pneumonia Crash Course Video (12 minutes)

Diseases Caused by Parasites Most parasites do not kill their host If they did, they would lose the benefits of the host They use the host of nourishment This sickens the host 5 Worst Parasites (3:30 minutes)

Bacteria and Disease Bacteria can be found everywhere Water and soil All surfaces people touch daily Some can be useful to break down remains of dead organisms Many are pathogens Biological agent that causes disease or illness to its host.  They enter through food and drink, or through cuts on your skin

Bacteria and Disease Once inside the body, they reproduce quickly Can act as parasites once inside the body by using nutrients Most cause disease producing poisons that disrupt normal cell functions Examples include cholera, salmonella, pneumonia, and typhoid fever

Bacteria and Disease Many diseases caused by bacteria have been brought under control through the use of antibiotics Drugs that kill bacteria or slow their growth Over time, some antibiotics have become resistant to treatment Immune to change Bacteria Video (4:30 Amoeba Sisters)

Viruses and Disease Viruses are not living Some examples of diseases they cause are: Smallpox, chickenpox, measles, AIDS, Zika, and the flu (influenza) To reproduce, they infect a host cell, deposit genetic material, create new virus, then burst out of the cell, killing the cell and starting the process over

Viruses and Disease Often produce aches and fevers Antibiotics do not work to destroy them Scientists are working on antiviral substances Drugs that slow down the rate at which the virus reproduces Virus Rap (4 minutes)

Summarizing Strategy Turn in your Notebook to the back of this unit. Find the 3-2-1 Activity List 3 new things/ideas List 2 things you found interesting State 1 thing that confused you

Public Health Real life scientists are working to control the spread of diseases But not this…

Time to Spread Disease! You will be given an instruction sheet, do not go ahead, follow all directions closely. Do not peek in your cup, do not touch the contents, you will be able to eat them after the experiment (and we don’t need to spread any real diseases.) When we are done with the process, answer the questions on the sheet to be collected by the teacher.

Keeping People Healthy Public health is the science that deals with protecting and improving the health of the people in the community They make sure that food, water, and medicines are safe Scientists develop and test new medicines Some are disease detectives They research diseases and look for ways to prevent them They study how pathogens function They look for ways to prevent and predict the spread of diseases Disease Detectives (4 minutes)

Widespread Diseases Infectious Diseases Diseases that can be passed from one organism to another The common cold, chickenpox, measles, and AIDS Some spread more easily than others

Widespread Diseases Two classifications: Epidemic An outbreak that affects many people in an area Pandemic An epidemic that spreads over a larger area or over the whole world Stopping them can be very difficult Can vary in length of time and have occurred throughout history Epidemics and History (3:35 minutes)

Infectious Diseases in Plants and Animals Many diseases in plants are caused by fungi Wheat rust and corn smut Cattle are affected by a disease called Hoof-and-mouth disease Can be costly to farmers Epidemics can reduce food supplies

Vectors Vectors Avoid these diseases by avoiding the vectors An organism that transmits a disease Malaria is an example Caused by a parasite in the blood transferred by mosquitoes Mosquitoes also transmit Yellow Fever and West Nile disease Zika is another example Caused by a virus that is carried and transferred by mosquitoes Ticks can be vectors of Lyme disease Avoid these diseases by avoiding the vectors Use bug repellant and wear long clothes

Preventing Infectious Disease Good hygiene is a primary way to avoid infectious diseases Wash hands frequently Bath regularly Cover your mouth when you cough or sneeze Avoid contact with hands Another way is to kill the pathogens biological agent that causes disease or illness to its host

Preventing Infectious Diseases Your body naturally can kill many pathogens The immune system Vaccines can also prevent pathogens A weakened or dead form of the pathogen Stimulates the immune system to make antibodies that destroy the pathogen Large Y-shaped proteins recruited by the immune system to identify and neutralize foreign objects like bacteria and viruses

Preventing Infectious Diseases CNN Vaccine debate (5 minutes) Small Pox Vaccine History (6 minutes) Polio Vaccine History (3 minutes)

Summarizing Strategy Turn in your Notebook to the back of this unit. Find the Acrostic Poem Page Create a poem using the word OUTBREAK