Kevin Ware Louisville

Functions of bones Points of attachment for muscles Protects and supports softer tissues 3. House blood producing cells 4. Stores inorganic salts, mainly calcium phosphate 5. Contains passageways for blood vessels and nerves

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Pg 203 Major parts of a long bone

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TYPES OF BONE/Cartilage CELLS 1. Fibroblast – Cell that builds connective tissue 2. Chondrocyte – A cartilage building cell 3. Osteoblast – Bone forming cells 4. Osteocyte – A mature osteoblast that is surrounded by matrix. Cannot divide. 5. Osteoclast – A cell that erodes bone

Intramembraneous Bone Formation Flat Bones – ex. Skull bones Connective tissue appears at the site of future bone Some connective tissue cells enlarge and differentiate into osteoblasts. 3. Osteoblasts deposit bony matrix (collagen and calcium phosphate) around themselves forming spongy bone tissue.

4. Cells on the outside of the connective tissue become the periosteum. 5. Cells inside the periosteum become compact bone over the surface of the newly formed spongy bone. 6. When osteoblasts are totally surrounded by matrix they are now called osteocytes.

Pg 204

Formation of an Endochondral bone. Pg. 207 Ex. Long Bones Hyaline cartilage shaped like future bone.

Pg. 207 2. Cartilage mass becomes calcified cartilaginous matrix. 3. Periosteum starts to develop along outside of diaphysis.

Pg. 207 4. In center of diaphysis cartilage breaks down and disappears 5. Blood vessels and osteoblasts fill space left by cartilage with spongy bone. 6. Periosteum produces osteoblasts that deposits a thin layer of compact bone. 7. This area becomes the Primary Ossification Center.

Pg. 207 8. Osteoclasts break down spongy bone in middle of diaphysis and creates the medullary cavity. 9. Cartilage starts to break down in epiphysis. Blood vessels and osteoblasts appear to develop spongy bone. A Secondary Ossification Center appears.

Pg. 207 9. A layer of cartilage left between the two ossification centers is called the Epiphyseal Plate. 10. Mitosis occurs in Plates producing new cartilage cells. Cartilaginous Matrix forms around new cells and the plate thickens.

Pg. 207 11. As matrix calcifies, cartilage cells die, osteoclasts come in and break down calcified matrix. 12. Bone building osteoblasts come in and replace with bone. BONE LENGTHENS

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Pg. 213 REPAIR OF A BONE FRACTURE

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BONE FUNCTION

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Blood Cell Formation Hematopoiesis Yolk Sac Liver Spleen BONE MARROW Red Marrow - Hemoglobin Yellow Marrow – Stores Fat

A lever has 4 basic components Bones aid body movement A lever has 4 basic components A rigid rod or bar A fulcrum or pivot on which the bar turns An object that is moved against resistance 4. A force that supplies energy for the movement

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JOINTS (Articulations) Holds the bones together. 2. Allows the rigid skeletal system flexibility, so that gross body movements can occur.

Pg. 271 Thin layer of dense connective tissue Limited or no movement

Pg 270

Pg. 272 2. Has slight flexibility, allows limited movement

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Pg. 271 Thin layer of dense connective tissue Limited or no movement

Pg. 272 2. Has slight flexibility, allows limited movement

SYNOVIAL JOINT 3. Allows free movement Articular ends of bones covered with Articular cartilage. Joint Capsule a. Ligaments on outer layer of Capsule b. Inner lining of capsule is the Synovial Membrane (secretes synovial fluid) c. Pads of fibrocartilage called Menisci (Meniscus) d. Fluid filled sacs called bursae (bursa), between tendons.

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Pg. 275 Movement in all planes and rotational movement

Movements in different planes but no rotation

Sliding and twisting movements Flat or slightly curved

Resembles hinge of a door, movement through only one plane.

Movement limited to rotation around an axis.

TABLE 7.5 SUMMARY OF ALL JOINTS Saddle shaped bones that compliment each other. 2. Variety of movements.

Joint Movements Pg. 277 & 278 Book

10 important everyday stretches Flexibility 10 important everyday stretches Back Extensions Quadricep stretch Hamstring stretch Hip Flexor Deltoid – Doorway stretch Neck Pectoralis Minor Pretzel – Spine Rotator Sides of Upper Body Glutes

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