Chemistry of Life Nature of Matter, Water & Solutions, Chemistry of Cells and Energy & Chemical Reactions https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YO244P1e9QM&t=183s

Compounds Organic Compounds: compounds that contain hydrogen and carbon Inorganic Compounds: compounds that contain carbon or hydrogen and other elements

Macromolecules biological molecules that have a specific function elements that make up the molecule: carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen

Macromolecules Nucleic Acids A long chain of smaller molecules called nucleotides Nucleotide: contains a sugar, base and a phosphate group (phosphorus and oxygen atoms) Example: DNA ATP

Macromolecules Proteins Large molecule formed by linking amino acids Amino acids: building blocks of proteins – twenty different types with different structures and functions Can be enzymes that promote chemical reactions or create structural function Examples: Enzymes, Antibodies ATP

Macromolecules Carbohydrates organic compounds that are a major energy source and provide structure Building blocks: mono/disaccharides Purpose: Short term energy Example: Wheat, potatoes, glucose, fructose, cellulose ATP

Macromolecules Lipids Fats: glycerols and three fatty acids hydrocarbon backbone, hydrophobic store energy, provide insulation, make up cell membranes Example: Fats and oils ATP

Macromolecules Food Type of Macromolecules French Fries Tacos (soft shell) with just cheese ATP

Energy & Chemical Reactions Energy in Chemical Reactions Energy is absorbed and released from breaking and forming bonds Temperature can determine heat loss or gain Ice to Liquid Water: heat absorbed Liquid Water to Ice: heat released

Energy & Chemical Reactions Activation Energy The energy needed to start a chemical reaction – (the energy level needed to be reached) Example: Boulder down a hill – the boulder needs to get pushed to have momentum.

Energy & Chemical Reactions Reaction Rate The amount of chemical reactions that occur within a certain time

Enzymes Catalyst– that reduce the activation energy Enzyme - Substances that increase the speed of a chemical reaction Purpose is the help maintain and establish homeostasis

Enzymes Enzyme Specificity Substrate: a substance on which an enzyme acts upon Active Sites: pockets that are specific to substrates on enzymes

Enzymes Lock & Key Model Only certain enzymes can work with specific chemical reactions Just like keys are specific to a specific lock

Enzymes pH Scale

Enzymes Optimal Environment Needs a proper pH, temperature and conditions for the reaction to occur Most work in humans at or around body temperature Buffers: used to stabilize conditions increases chances of the reaction

Enzymes Denatured Enzyme changes shape or size decreases chances of functioning

Enzymes Increases reaction rate Heat = no reaction (ruins enzyme) Summary of Enzymes Increases reaction rate Heat = no reaction (ruins enzyme) Substrate binds to active sites ENZYMES ARE EXTREMELY SPECIFIC