Biology EOC Review: Unit 4 Heredity & Genetics

Key Concepts: DNA Structure Things to Remember: DNA is a nucleic acid made of two sugar backbones and 4 different nucleotides. The four nitrogenous bases are: Adenine Thymine Cytosine Guanine A goes with T C goes with G

Key Concepts: DNA Replication Things to Remember: DNA Replication uses a strand of DNA to create an identical copy. To do this, DNA unzips and one half is copied by an enzyme to create two identical strands.

Key Concepts: DNA Transcription & Translation Things to Remember: DNA Transcription and Translation make proteins. The end product of DNA transcription is the creation of an RNA strand. The end product of DNA translation is the creation of amino acids. Animo acids strings together to form proteins.

Key Concepts: Genetics Things to Remember: DNA contains our genetic code. Dominant genes are represented by capital letters Recessive genes are represented by lowercase letters. Dominant genes mask recessive traits.

Key Concepts: Genetics Things to Remember: Homozygous dominant – DD Homozygous recessive – dd Heterozygous – Dd Punnett Squares can be used to help determine the percent chance of offspring having certain traits.

Key Concepts: Genetics Things to Remember: There are some special exceptions, such as: Pattern of Inheritance Definition Example Incomplete Dominance Heterozygous phenotype that is a BLEND of the two homozygous phenotypes When a red flower crosses with a white flower, pink flowers are produced Codominance Heterozygous genotype that EQUALLY EXPRESSES the traits from both alleles When a red flower crosses with a white flower, red and white spotted flowers are produced. Polygenic Traits Trait that is produced by TWO OR MORE genes Eye color, skin color, and hair color Epistatic gene A gene that can prevent the expression of all other genes. Albanism – the lack of pigment in skin, hair, and eyes.

More Review Visual and Auditory Learner (Learn by Watching/Listening): YouTube: How to Draw a Punnett Square YouTube: Amoeba Sisters Punnett Squares YouTube: Amoeba Sisters Dihybrid Crosses YouTube: Amoeba Sisters Patterns of Inheritance Kinesthetic Learners (Learn by Doing): - Online Punnett Square Practice