Girding for the War: The North and the South- 1861-1865 Chapter 20 Girding for the War: The North and the South- 1861-1865

A. The Menace of Secession No geographical dividing line National debt Territories Fugitive slaves European powers & the Monroe Doctrine

B. SC Assails Ft. Sumter Charleston, SC- harbor Lincoln’s choices Order fort to fire on SC militia Allow militia to take over fort “Provision” scheme

Bombardment began April 12, 1861- surrendered April 14 Pushed North to fight- call for troops in North Pushed 4 more states to secede

SIR: The Government of the Confederate States has hitherto forborne from any hostile demonstration against Fort Sumter, in the hope that the Government of the United States, with a view to the amicable adjustment of all questions between the two Governments, and to avert the calamities of war, would voluntarily evacuate it.

 The flag which you have upheld so long and with so much fortitude, under the most trying circumstances, may be saluted by you on taking it down. Colonel Chestnut and Captain Lee will, for a reasonable time, await your answer. I am, sir, very respectfully, your obedient servant G. T. BEAUREGARD Brigadier-General, Commanding.

C. Brother’s Blood and Border Blood border states Missouri, Kentucky, Maryland, Delaware- later W. VA Importance- population, manufacturing, livestock, transportation

Skirmishes in Missouri & W. VA Martial law in MD Skirmishes in Missouri & W. VA States in the old NW- statement about slaves Indians Some owned slaves Family war Lincoln’s in-laws, the Breckenridge family

D. The Balance of Forces

D. Continued Population Manufacturing Food production Transportation North’s advantages Population Manufacturing Food production Transportation Stronger economy (wealth) Eventually moral struggle- European countries

Southern Advantages Defensive war Leaders (Lee, Jackson) “fighting for home” Viewed as a war of inde. Bred to fight

E. Dethroning King Cotton South counted on foreign intervention GB had stockpiled cotton & looked to other places North producing food needed by Europeans

Trent Affair- late 1861 RMS Trent – Mason and Slidell

F. The Decisiveness of Diplomacy Northern diplomatic goal *keep other nations from helping Confederacy* Building the Alabama- 1862 Laird rams- 1863

G. Foreign Flare-ups Confederate raids from Canada Dominion of Canada est. 1867- protection Napoleon III & Maximilian in Mexico- 1863

H. President Davis vs. President Lincoln Jefferson Davis- Pres. of CSA Major problem was states’ rights Lincoln’s advantages Est. & recognized govt. Lincoln better-able to handle problems

I. Limitations on Wartime Liberties Violate the provisions of the Constitution to save the United States Proclaimed a blockade Ordered an advance of $2 million from 3 private citizens w/ out Congressional approval Suspended writ of habeus corpus- protection against “copperheads” Davis less able to impose these kinds of controls

Taney’s Response

J. Volunteers & Draftees: North & South North all volunteer until 1863- draft Hiring & paying out of service NY draft riots in summer 1863- Irish immigrants Enlistment bounties & “bounty boys” Desertion

CSA resorted to conscription by 1862- more serious problems with manpower “rich man’s war, but a poor man’s fight” Mountain whites

K. The Economic Stresses of War Wealth in the North Taxes, tariffs, income tax “greenbacks”- paper money Borrowing- treasury bonds- over $2.5 bil. New national bank- National Banking System- 1863

South No tariffs Bonds Inflation- 9,000%

L. The North’s Economic Boom Northern prosperity after the war- manufacturers & businessmen Profiteers in the north- horses & clothing Industries- clothing, agriculture Women- nursing Elizabeth Blackwell (MD)- US Sanitary Commission Clara Barton & Dorthea Dix American Red Cross

M. A Crushed Cotton Kingdom Destroyed southern economy & infrastructure for 19th century Transportation gone Shortages of everything