Qualitative research Common types of qualitative research designs

Qualitative Research Designs Phenomenological Ethnographic Grounded theory Historical Case study Action research

Qualitative research designs The most important features of the six types of qualitative research designs

Phenomenological Studies Examines human experiences Calls them “lived experiences” Explores areas with little known knowledge

Goal of Phenomenological Studies To describe the lived experience of the phenomenon of interest To describe the meaning the experience holds for the informant

Phenomenological Studies Information obtained through interviewing

Phenomenological Process Data collection Data analysis Processes simultaneously Themes and patterns emerge

Ethnographic Studies Involve collection and analysis of data about cultural groups May focus on an entire culture or a subgroup of the culture Researcher may live with the people being studied and actually become part of the culture

Ethnographic Goal Develops cultural themes Looks for cultural patterns

Ethnographic Information Gathered as participant observer Obtained by interview format

Key Informants Participants of culture Participants with most culture knowledge

Grounded Theory Is a qualitative research approach Developed by sociologists, Glaser and Strauss (1967) Uses inductive and deductive approaches

Grounded Theory Methodology Data from Naturalistic or field studies Participant observation and interviews Handwritten notes and tape recordings

Analysis of Data in Grounded Theory Studies Data collection and analysis occur simultaneously Process is known as “constant comparison” Researcher keeps an open mind and uses an intuitive process Pertinent concepts are identified and assigned codes Codes are constantly reviewed as new interpretations are made

Literature Review in Grounded Theory Studies Done after concepts and relationships are identified Used to see if similar associations are in literature

Aim of Grounded Theory Studies Discovery of basic social processes Hypothesis generation

Historical Research Concerns the identification, location, evaluation and synthesis of data from the past

Aim of Historical Research To discover events of the past To relate past events to the present and future

Process of Historical Research Identification of a problem area or area of interest Performance of a careful and thorough review of the literature Formulation of research questions Collection of data Analysis of data

Sources of Data for Historical Research Documents Relics Artifacts

Sources of Data for Historical Research Oral reports Libraries Archives Personal collections

Sources of Data for Historical Research Primary Secondary

Evaluating Data in Historical Research External criticism—authenticity of data Internal criticism—accuracy of data

Case Study Research In-depth examinations of people, groups of people, or an institution Philosophical orientation in the discipline of sociology

Case Study Research Qualitative Quantitative

Qualitative Case Study Research Purposes Explore the meaning of experiences Generate hypotheses Formalize experiential nursing knowledge

Data Collection in Case Study Research Questionnaires Interviews Observations Written accounts by participants

Data Analysis in Case Study Research Content analysis Patterns and themes

Disadvantages of Case Study Research Time consuming Costly Participant dropout

Action Research A type of qualitative research Studies the effects of nursing practice Implementation of solutions is immediate Implementation is part of the research process

Participatory Action Research (PAR) A special kind of community-based action research The participants and researcher are co-researchers throughout the study

Steps in PAR Determine the problem Determine the research methods used Determine the analysis of data Determine how study results will be used

Goal of PAR Involving the community in the development and assessment of a health program