Types of point mutations

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Types of point mutations Changes in the DNA that affect genetic information

Substitution One base is exchanged for another Silent mutation – changed codon encodes for same amino acid Missense mutation - changed codon encodes a different amino acid and causes a small change in protein produced e.g. Sickle cell anemia  substitution in the beta-Hb gene (Glu  Val) Nonsense mutation - codon for an amino acid is changed into a STOP codon (UAA, UAG, UGA) producing nonfunctional proteins

Insertion Deletion Extra base pairs added into a new place in the DNA Mutation in which a section of the DNA is lost

Frameshift mutation Occurs when insertions or deletions are not bases in multiples of 3 Can alter a gene so that the message is read incorrectly when DNA is read as codons Normally produces nonfunctional proteins

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Causes of mutations Spontaneous mutations Mutagens Replication Repair Recombination (crossing-over during meiosis) - Naturally-occurring: 1 nucleotide in 1010 base pairs Mutagens High-energy radiation Chemicals Enhance substitution and insertion