Synthetic circuits based on the rewired cell‐signaling pathways.

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Synthetic circuits based on the rewired cell‐signaling pathways. Synthetic circuits based on the rewired cell‐signaling pathways. (A) Guanabenz‐induced synthetic circuit for the treatment of metabolic syndrome. Cells engineered to express the chimeric trace amine‐associated receptor (cTAAR1) respond to Guanabenz by activating endogenous cAMP signaling. Increased levels of cAMP activate PCRE‐driven transgene expression of Glp‐1‐Leptin via a cAMP‐responsive element binding protein 1 (CREB1). When implanted in mice developing symptoms of metabolic syndrome, the circuit enabled simultaneous targeting of several metabolic disorders (Ye et al, 2013). (B) Blue light‐ and (C) radio wave‐induced synthetic circuits enabling glucose homeostasis. (B) Cells engineered to trigger calcium influx through transient receptor potential channels (TRPCs) by expressing blue light‐responsive melanopsin, link blue‐light sensing to transgene expression via an NFAT‐responsive promoter (PNFAT). Implanted in diabetic mice, the circuit enabled blue light‐controlled glucose homeostasis when expressing glucagon‐like peptide 1 (Ye et al, 2011). (C) Cells engineered to trigger calcium influx through temperature‐sensitive, His‐tagged TRPCs (TRPV1HIS). Antibody‐coated nanoparticles for His‐tag recognition (NP) enabled local nanoparticle heating of TRPV1HIS, consequently allowing for calcium influx, linking radio‐wave exposure to transgene expression via an NFAT‐responsive promoter (PNFAT). Implanted in mice, the circuit enabled radio wave‐controlled regulation of blood glucose levels by expressing insulin (Stanley et al, 2012). (D) Synthetic circuit responsive to endogenous proteins allow for disease‐targeted cell death. The RNA‐based devise is composed of specific aptamers for p50/p65 recognition (white circle), localized at key intronic positions near an alternative spliced exon harboring a stop codon (red area) in a three‐exon, two‐intron minigene fused to a suicide gene (HSV‐TK). Activation of the NF‐κB pathway by stimulation of the tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR) with tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNFα) enables p50/p65 regulation of exon exclusion, thereby linking disease markers to the killing of the diseased cells (Culler et al, 2010). William Bacchus et al. Mol Syst Biol 2013;9:691 © as stated in the article, figure or figure legend