Amino acids and Proteins

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Presentation transcript:

Amino acids and Proteins

Proteins Make up about 15% of the cell Have many functions in the cell Enzymes Structural Transport Motor Storage Signaling Receptors Gene regulation Special functions

Amino acids structure

The 20 most common amino acids are classified into three classes based on the structure of their side chains.

Optical Properties of the Amino Acids A tetrahedral carbon atom with 4 distinct constituents is said to be chiral. The one amino acid not exhibiting chirality is glycine since its '"R-group" is a hydrogen atom. Chirality describes the handedness of a molecule that is observable by the ability of a molecule to rotate the plane of polarized light either to the right (dextrorotatory) or to the left (levorotatory). All of the amino acids in proteins exhibit the same absolute steric configuration as L-glyceraldehyde. Therefore, they are all L-a-amino acids. D-amino acids are never found in proteins, although they exist in nature. D-amino acids are often found in polypetide antibiotics. The aromatic R-groups in amino acids absorb ultraviolet light with an absorbance maximum in the range of 280nm. The ability of proteins to absorb ultraviolet light is predominantly due to the presence of the tryptophan which strongly absorbs ultraviolet light.

Amino Acid Chemistry NH2 Ca R COOH H NH2 Ca R1 COOH H R2 NH2 Ca R1 CO 20 different types NH2 Ca R COOH H amino acid NH2 Ca R1 COOH H R2 NH2 Ca R1 CO H NH R2 COOH Amino acid Polypeptide Protein

Amino Acid Chemistry NH2 Ca R COOH H amino acid The free amino and carboxylic acid groups have pKa’s COOH COO- pKa ~ 2.2 NH2 NH3+ pKa ~ 9.4 At physiological pH, amino acids are zwitterions +NH3 Ca R COO- H

pH and Ionization Acidic amino acids such as aspartic acid have a second carboxyl group that can donate and accept protons. The pI for aspartic acid occurs at a pH of 2.8.

+ CO2

The Peptide Bond A peptide bond is an amide bond between the carboxyl group of one amino acid and the amino group of the next amino acid. O CH3 O + || + | || H3N—CH2—C—OH + H3N—CH—C—O– O H CH3 O + || | | || H3N—CH2—C—N—CH—C—O– peptide bond

The 20 most common amino acids are classified into three classes based on the structure of their side chains.

The 20 most common amino acids are classified into three classes based on the structure of their side chains

The 20 most common amino acids are classified into three classes based on the structure of their side chains.

The 20 most common amino acids are classified into three classes based on the structure of their side chains

Unusual Important Amino Acides 1- post translation : 4- hydroxy proline , 5- hydroxy lysine, phospho serine, γ carboxy GLU 2- Translation : selenocystein

Separation of Amino Acids When electrophoresis is completed, the amino acids are identified as separate bands on the filter paper or thin layer plate.

The Peptide Bond A peptide bond is an amide bond between the carboxyl group of one amino acid and the amino group of the next amino acid. O CH3 O + || + | || H3N—CH2—C—OH + H3N—CH—C—O– O H CH3 O + || | | || H3N—CH2—C—N—CH—C—O– peptide bond

Creating a peptide bond between two amino acids.

Creating a peptide bond between two amino acids.

Creating a peptide bond between two amino acids.

نامگذاري پپتيدها و مهمترين آنها اوليگوپپتيدها و پلي پپتيدها - كارنوزين (دي پپتيد) - گلوتاتيون (تري پپتيد) - برادي كينين (نوناپپتيد) - اكسي توسين(نوناپپتيد) - وازوپرسين يا ADH (نوناپپتيد) پروتئين ها

Primary structure is the sequence of amino acids, reading from N terminus to C terminus.

پروتئين ها

اعمال مهم و پپتيدها پروتئين ها كاتاليزورهاي بيوشيميايي ( آنزيم ) هورمون نقش ساختماني نقش دفاعي مشاركت در انعقاد خون حامل مواد در خون ذخيره كننده مواد در بافت مشاركت در فرايند حركت نقش تنظيم كننده به عنوان آنتي بيوتيك

ساختار فضايي پروتئين ها ساختمان اول پروتئين ترتيب قرار گرفتن اسيدهاي آمينه در زنجير پپتيدي و موقعيت پيوندهاي دي سولفيدي

تعيين ساختمان اول پروتئين قطع پيوندهاي دي سولفيدي استفاده از روشهاي شيميايي و آنزيمهاي مختلف براي تعيين توالي اسيدهاي آمينه

مراحل مختلف تعيين ساختمان اول پروتئين شناسايي اسيدهاي آمينه قطع زنجير پلي پپتيدي به وسيله آنزيمها يا ترکيبات شيميايی تعيين اسيد آمينه N-انتهايي تعيين اسيد آمينه C-انتهايي

2- پيوندهاي الكترووالان يا يوني انواع پيوندهاي ضعيف 1- پيوندهاي هيدروژني 2- پيوندهاي الكترووالان يا يوني 3- پيوندهاي هيدروفوب

ساختار فضايي پروتئين ها ساختمان دوم پروتئين اشكال مختلف زنجير پپتيدي

ساختمان دوم پروتئين 1- مارپيچ آلفا داراي ساختمان ميله اي شكل پيوند هيدروژني بين هيدروژن متصل به نيتروژن پيوند پپتيدي با اكسيژن گروه كربنيل برقرار ميشود در هر ده دور 36 اسيدآمينه وجود دارد

Secondary Structure: Triple Helix A triple helix: Consists of three alpha helix chains. Contains large amounts glycine, proline, hydroxy proline and hydroxylysine that contain –OH groups for hydrogen bonding. Is found in collagen, connective tissue, skin, tendons, and cartilage.

خصوصيات مارپيچ آلفا همه اسيدهاي آمينه بايد از نوع L يا D باشند زنجير جانبي اسيدهاي آمينه در اطراف مارپيچ قرار ميگيرد اسيدهاي آمينه M, A, L, E سبب پايداري مارپيچ آلفاميشوند عدم پايداري در صورت وجود P

ساختمان دوم پروتئين 2- صفحات چين دار بتا در صفحات چين دار بتا پيوند هيدروژني بين رشته هاي پپتيدي قرار گرفته در كنار يكديگر بوجود ميايد

خصوصيات صفحات چين دار بتا همسو ناهمسو اسيدهاي آمينه F, I, V, Y سبب پايداري صفحات بتا ميشوند

b-Sheets (a) parallel, (b) antiparallel

ساختمان سوم پروتئين نحوه قرار گرفتن رشته پروتئيني در فضا اسيدهاي آمينه هيدروفوب تا حد امكان در داخل پروتئين قرار ميگيرند

The interactions of the R groups give a protein its specific three-dimensional tertiary structure.

نحوه ارتباط پروتومرها در پروتئين هاي چندرشته اي ساختمان چهارم پروتئين نحوه ارتباط پروتومرها در پروتئين هاي چندرشته اي

خواص پروتئين ها حلاليت خواص الكتروليتي پروتئين ها قدرت يوني محيط تركيب يوني pH خواص الكتروليتي پروتئين ها

دگرگوني پروتئينها(Denaturation) عوامل برگشت پذير عوامل برگشت ناپذير درجه حرارت اسيدها و بازها حلال هاي آلي اوره و گوانيدين دترژنت ها(SDS) يون هاي فلزات سنگين عوامل فيزيكي (نور و اشعه UV )

تقسيم بندي پروتئين ها الف - پروتئين هاي ساده پروتئين كروي - آلبومين ها، گلبولين ها، هيستونها و پروتامينها پروتئين رشته اي - محلول ( فيبرينوژن، اكتين و ميوزين) - نا محلول (كلاژن ها و كراتين و فيبروئين)

ب - پروتئين هاي مركب 1- كروموپروتئينها 2- ليپوپروتئينها - سيتوكرومها ، كاتالاز ، پراكسيداز ، هموگلوبين 2- ليپوپروتئينها 3- گليكو پروتئينها - آلبومين تخم مرغ - HCG , TSH , FSH , LH - هاپتوگلوبين - فاكتور داخلي معده 4- فسفوپروتئينها - كازئين ، فسفو ويتين ، ويتلين و ويتلنين

از چند رشته (زيرواحد ) يا پروتومر ساخته شده اند پروتئين تك رشته اي پروتئين چند رشته اي(اليگومر) از چند رشته (زيرواحد ) يا پروتومر ساخته شده اند

ميوگلوبين و هموگلوبين

ميوگلوبين

هموگلوبين

هم(Heme)

Bohr effect