Unit VII: States of Consciousness: Sleep Sleep: background Why do we sleep? Good question, we don’t know Obviously important (all animals sleep), but we know little about it Many theories

Unit VIII: States of Consciousness: Sleep Sleep: background Biological theory To recuperate (recharge batteries) However, body uses as much energy asleep as it does awake… Allow body to heal When we grow Would all happen if we didn’t sleep

Unit VIII: States of Consciousness: Sleep Sleep: background Biological theory Glymphatic system (Glial + lymphatic) Previous – glial cells removed waste Expand

Unit VIII: States of Consciousness: Sleep Sleep: background Psychological theory For our brain to process information (cognitive) Allows brain to rest (little stimuli) To dream Finished here

Unit VIII: States of Consciousness: Sleep Sleep: background EEG shows four stages of sleep approximately every 90 minutes Book says five levels We’ll talk…

Unit VIII: States of Consciousness: Sleep Sleep: REM sleep Two types of sleep: 1) REM 2) NREM (non-REM): 1 – 3

Unit VIII: States of Consciousness: Sleep Sleep: Fully awake Brain emits beta waves (fairly quick waves)

Unit VIII: States of Consciousness: Sleep Sleep: Stage one (NREM 1 / N1) Level of sleepiness Still awake, relaxed, “zoning out.” Description “Drowsy sleep.” Time in stage 5 minutes (5% - 10% of time) What the body is doing Body prepares for sleep (muscles relax; brain activity, breathing, heartbeat, etc. slow down) Brain waves Beta waves transition to alpha waves (slow waves) Brain waves: additional Alpha waves transition to slower theta waves toward end Other Can experience hallucinations

Unit VIII: States of Consciousness: Sleep Sleep: Stage one Hypnic Spasm you might get before you fall asleep

Beta waves

Unit VIII: States of Consciousness: Sleep Sleep: Stage Two (NREM 2 / N2) Level of sleepiness Deeper into sleep, stage when you are clearly asleep Description n/a Time in stage 20 minutes (45% - 55% of time) What the body is doing Brain waves Sleep spindles: bursts of rapid, rhythmic, brain wave activity K-Complex: brief negative high-voltage peak Brain waves: additional Other Conscious awareness of external environment disappears

Beta waves K-complex

Unit VIII: States of Consciousness: Sleep Sleep: Stage Three (NREM 3 / N3) Level of sleepiness Stage of deepest sleep, difficult to wake Description “Deep sleep,” “Slow wave,” or “Delta” sleep Time in stage 20 minutes (15% - 25% of time) What the body is doing Heartbeat, breathing, etc. slow Brain waves Transition to Delta waves (associated with deep sleep) Brain waves: additional Extremely slow Other Stage 3 & 4 have been combined into one stage.

Beta waves

Unit VIII: States of Consciousness: Sleep Sleep: Stage four Level of sleepiness Stage of deepest sleep Description “Slow wave” sleep Time in stage Stages 3 & 4: 30 min. total What the body is doing Heartbeat, breathing, etc. extremely slow Brain waves Delta waves Brain waves: additional All delta waves, all the time Other n/a

Beta waves K-complex

Unit VIII: States of Consciousness: Sleep Sleep: Stages After Stage 3, you cycle back to Stage 2, and into REM sleep Stage 1 sleep: Generally only when you first go to sleep Sometimes between Stage 3 & REM

Unit VIII: States of Consciousness: Sleep Sleep: Stages 1, 2, 3, 2, REM, 2, 3, 2, REM…

Unit VIII: States of Consciousness: Sleep

Unit VIII: States of Consciousness: Sleep Sleep: Stages Normal sleep cycle: ~ 90 minutes As sleep cycle continues: R.E.M. cycle gets longer and longer Other stages get shorter & eventually disappearing – except for Stage 2

10 minutes 5 minutes 20 minutes 30 minutes

Unit VIII: States of Consciousness: Sleep Sleep: Stages All stages of sleep, aware of stimuli (mostly sound) Sense & process information at other levels of consciousness (incorporate into dreams)

Unit VIII: States of Consciousness: Sleep Sleep: REM sleep REM sleep Known as “Paradoxical sleep” muscles relaxed (externally calm) other systems (especially brain) active

Unit VIII: States of Consciousness: Sleep Sleep: REM sleep Body during REM Heartbeat & breathing increases Behind eyelids, eyes moving Muscles relaxed, body paralyzed REM-atonia Motor cortex active, but brainstem blocks its signals

Unit VIII: States of Consciousness: Sleep Sleep: REM sleep Brain during REM Brain waves: similar to waking state Stage when dreaming occurs

Unit VIII: States of Consciousness: Sleep Sleep: Sleep deprivation Making up sleep debt REM rebound More time spent in REM; less time in NREM REM most important sleep? Supports theory we sleep to dream

Unit VIII: States of Consciousness: Sleep Disorders Sleep: Primary Sleep disorders Effects sleep Disorders not caused by outside factors (another mental disorder, medical disorder, etc.) Two kinds

Unit VIII: States of Consciousness: Sleep Disorders Sleep: Primary Sleep disorders 1) Dyssomnias: Relating to amount, quality, timing of sleep Sleep cycle disrupted or abnormal Disrupts functioning during waking hours

Unit VIII: States of Consciousness: Sleep Disorders Sleep: Sleep disorders 2) Parasomnia: Occurs during sleep or sleep/wake transitions Doesn’t disrupt sleep or sleep cycle Person usually unaware Usually not disruptive of waking hours

Unit VIII: States of Consciousness: Sleep Disorders Sleep: Sleep disorders – dyssomnias Insomnia Difficulty falling asleep, or staying asleep Usually symptom of something else (stress, etc.) At least 3 months, 3 times a week

Unit VIII: States of Consciousness: Sleep Disorders Sleep: Sleep disorders – dyssomnias 2) Hypersomnia AKA, “Excessive Daytime Sleepiness” Basically, opposite of insomnia No matter time slept - doesn’t feel rested Longer sleep cycles? (3 hours vs. 90 minutes)

Unit VIII: States of Consciousness: Sleep Disorders Sleep: Sleep disorders – dyssomnias 3) Sleep apnea Person stops breathing while sleeping Body wakes to “kick start” breathing Never goes through full sleep cycle Person feels sleepy during the day

Unit VIII: States of Consciousness: Sleep Disorders Sleep: Sleep disorders – dyssomnias 3) Sleep apnea Two types: 1. Obstructive: something obstructs breathing (physical) 2. Central: Hindbrain not working properly (brain related)

Unit VIII: States of Consciousness: Sleep Disorders Sleep: Sleep disorders – dyssomnias 4) Narcolepsy Sudden, irresistible attack of falling asleep Waking -> REM sleep Repeated, unpredictable Occurs even with enough sleep Usually brought on by stress Done 11/20/2010

Unit VIII: States of Consciousness: Sleep Disorders Sleep: Sleep disorders – dyssomnias 4) Narcolepsy, continued Often accompanied by: Cataplexy Loss of muscle tone REM intrusions Directly into REM sleep Hallucinations Done 11/20/2010

Unit VIII: States of Consciousness: Sleep Disorders Sleep: Sleep disorders – Parasomnia 1) Nightmares Bad, upsetting dream Usually symptom of something else Only problem if excessive Occurs in REM

Unit VIII: States of Consciousness: Sleep Disorders Sleep: Sleep disorders – Parasomnia 2) Night terrors/sleep terror disorder Sympathetic nervous system highly aroused Abrupt awaking, but unaware Screaming, crying

Unit VIII: States of Consciousness: Sleep Disorders Sleep: Sleep disorders – Parasomnia 2) Night terrors/sleep terror disorder Person usually doesn’t remember anything once awake Stage 4, not REM Unknown what it is or cause Usually in children

Unit VIII: States of Consciousness: Sleep Disorders Sleep: Sleep disorders – Parasomnia 3) Sleep walking (Somnambulism) Doing something asleep usually done while awake Stage 3 & 4 sleep Old theory: acting out dream – REM atonia failed Not in REM

Unit VIII: States of Consciousness: Sleep Disorders Sleep: Sleep disorders – Parasomnia 4) Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep behavior disorder Acting out dream (REM-atonia failed) Rarely leave bed (kicking, thrashing, etc.) Associated with neurodegenerative disorders (Parkinson, etc.) Need to add to study guide