Essential Questions How may lifestyle or nutritional choices lead to a chronic disease?

Hypertension Or, high blood pressure: Blood pressure is determined by the amount of blood your heart pumps and the amount of resistance to blood flow in your arteries. The more blood your heart pumps and the narrower your arteries, the higher your blood pressure.

Hypertension, continued Possible nutritional causes: too much sodium, too little vitamin D and potassium, obesity. Symptoms: Dull headaches Dizzy spells More nosebleeds than normal This disease may be invisible for years, so it is important to have regular check-ups.

Hypertension, continued Prevention/treatment: eat a healthier diet with less salt (DASH diet), exercise more, avoid smoking, and lose weight. Effects of alcohol and tobacco: Heavy drinking can gradually damage the heart. Consuming more than two or three drinks at one time can temporarily raise your blood pressure, as it may cause the body to release hormones that increase blood flow and heart rate. Tobacco immediately raises your blood pressure temporarily, and the chemicals in tobacco can damage the lining of your artery walls. This can cause arteries to narrow, increasing blood pressure.

Diabetes Type 1 diabetes is less common and associated with a total lack of insulin resulting from the destruction of the insulin-producing cells of the pancreas by the immune system. Both genetic and environmental factors may cause this disease.

Diabetes, continued Type 2 diabetes is more common worldwide. The body’s failure to respond to insulin in the normal way leads to the overproduction of insulin, which may result in a partial failure of the insulin-producing cells of the pancreas and consequently insufficient insulin production. Possible nutritional causes: obesity, especially when excess fat is stored in the abdomen, and excess sugar intake.

Diabetes, continued Symptoms: blindness, kidney failure, amputation, infections, coronary heart disease, and stroke. Prevention/treatment: Avoid gaining more than 10 pounds. as an adult. Maintain a Body Mass Index (BMI) in the range of 21-23. Voluntary weight loss in overweight or obese people with higher than normal blood sugar levels. Engage in at least a moderate level of physical activity for at least one hour a few days a week. Ensure a low saturated fat intake. Eat at least 20g of fiber per day, such as whole grain cereals and certain fruits and vegetables. Effects of alcohol and tobacco: can accelerate development

Osteoporosis Possible nutritional causes: calcium and vitamin D deficiencies Symptoms: low bone mass and deterioration of bone tissue, which leads to fragile bones and a greater risk of fracture, particularly in older people.

Osteoporosis, continued Prevention/treatment: Eat at least 400-500 mg of calcium per day, such as dairy products or certain green vegetables like broccoli. Eat at least 5-10 mg of vitamin D per day. Increase physical activity, focusing on building muscle strength. Reduce sodium intake. Avoid smoking. Limit alcohol consumption.

Osteoporosis, continued Effects of alcohol and tobacco: Post-menopausal women who drink heavily increase their risk for osteoporosis, due to calcium deficiencies related to poor nutrition. Post-menopausal women who smoke have lower bone density than women who never smoked.

Assignment Copy questions and answer: Hypertension Osteoporosis Complete Venn Diagram over Diabetes